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Atlantoaxial Instability 88.e1
VetBooks.ir Alar Apical Diseases and Disorders
Alar
Atlanto-axial
Nuchal
Transverse
Apical
Transverse
Alar
A B
ATLANTOAXIAL INSTABILITY Ligaments of the atlantoaxial (AA) joint. A, B, Ligamentous structures superimposed
on a lateral and ventrodorsal radiographic views of a normal Yorkshire terrier with the neck in a neutral position.
Malformation and/or rupture of some or all of these ligaments allow AA instability to occur. Apical and alar ligaments
attach the dens (dotted line) to the occipital bone. The transverse ligament functions to hold the dens in place ventrally
within the vertebral canal, and the dorsal AA ligament, between C1 and C2, serves to counteract the dorsal and caudal
forces of the nuchal ligament, which attaches to T1-T2 spinous processes to caudal C2.
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