Page 2189 - Cote clinical veterinary advisor dogs and cats 4th

1091.e2 Dental Radiography, Basic

Possible Complications and • Stipple pattern on light image: film placed • Frosted film surface: inadequate rinsing
Common Errors to Avoid Exposing errors: • Small, white circles: bubbles in processing
backward
(incomplete removal of fixer)
VetBooks.ir • Elongation: abnormally long teeth due to • Dark image: overexposed • Thick, white lines: scratched emulsion during
Positioning errors:
solutions
tube angle too perpendicular to apicocoronal
• Light image: underexposed
processing
axis of teeth when bisecting angle technique
is used • Double image: double exposure • Streaks: inadequate processing, solution
Processing errors:
• Foreshortening: abnormally short teeth due • Entire image clear: emulsion detached from contamination, contaminated hanger clips
to tube angle too perpendicular to film when film or unexposed film • Mottled areas (too light or too dark): poorly
bisecting angle technique is used • Clear area along one edge: processing solution mixed processing solutions, with temperature
• Superimposition: summation effect due to level too low variances (too low or too high)
tube head aligned too far in rostral or caudal • Incomplete variable processing: paper stuck • Fogged image: light contamination or
direction to film during processing overprocessing
• Clear circular perimeter: cone cut • Dark image (not overexposed): overdeveloped
• Blurred image: movement of patient, tube • Light image (not underexposed): Procedure
head, or film during exposure underdeveloped Obtaining dental radiographs:
• Image distortion: excessive bending of film • Black spots: contamination of film with • Parallel technique
during positioning developer before processing ○ Film/pad/plate placed parallel to apico-
• White crescents or lines: sharp bend or • Yellow or brown stains: inadequate fixation, coronal axis of the teeth
pressure on film before exposing inadequate rinsing (incomplete removal of ○ X-ray beam directed perpendicular (90°)
• Dark crescents or lines: sharp bend or fixer) to the film/pad/plate and the teeth
pressure on film after exposing but before • White spots: contamination of film with fixer ○ Used for imaging the molars and caudal
processing before processing premolars of the mandible and the nasal
• Area of interest not on image: tube head • Green discoloration: films in contact during cavity
misaligned processing • Bisecting angle technique
• Blurry, magnified image: film too far from • Fingerprints: film touched with contaminated ○ Film/pad/plate placed as close to the teeth
subject to be imaged fingers as possible

*
*

PS
LD

B
R L

E

AM Cr
D
F R R
PC

*
MMF
A C VMC
DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY, BASIC A, Full-mouth dental radiographic series in a 2-year-old dog with complete
permanent dentition. Radiographs are arranged in labial mounting (with raised dot facing the viewer). Maxillary tooth
crowns point downward, and mandibular tooth crowns point upward. L, Left side; R, right side. B, Lateral radiographic
view of right maxillary incisors, canine, and premolars in a dog (labial mounting). Note the palatine fissures (asterisks),
the line of conjunction between the body and palatine process of the maxilla (large white arrows), and the conchal crest
(large black arrow). LD, Lamina dura; PS, periodontal space. C, Lateral radiographic view of left mandibular incisors,
canine, and premolars in a dog (labial mounting). Note the mandibular canal (asterisk). AM, Alveolar margin; Cr, crown;
D, dentin; E, enamel; F, furcation; MMF, middle mental foramen; PC, pulp cavity; R, root; VMC, ventral mandibular
cortex. (Copyright Dr. Alexander M. Reiter.)

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