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Babesiosis 105

• With any of the above techniques, failure • Aural hematomas are caused by trauma to Client Education
to adequately immobilize pinna to allow the pinna, most often due to head shaking • Evacuation of the contents of the hematoma,
VetBooks.ir Recommended Monitoring • Always examine the complete external canals of pinna deformation are necessary for Diseases and Diseases and Disorders Disorders
establishment of drainage, and prevention
or vigorous scratching by the animal.
tissue adhesion and healing to occur results
in recurrence.
of both ears.
successful treatment of aural hematomas.
• Appropriate regular otic examination and • To remove the bandage, cut it along the • Aural hematomas are caused by underlying
ventral midline of the dog’s neck to avoid
trauma to the ear pinna, most often due to
cleaning cutting the pinna lying reflected on the dorsal head shaking or vigorous scratching by the
• Re-evaluation to ensure that underlying cause head. animal.
of otitis externa is being adequately
controlled/treated Prevention SUGGESTED READING
Determination of the underlying cause of the Bacon NJ: Pinna and external ear canal. In Johnston
PROGNOSIS & OUTCOME head shaking or scratching is essential to prevent SA, et al, editors: Veterinary surgery: small animal,
recurrence. ed 2, St. Louis, 2018, Elsevier, pp 2310-2327.
• Prognosis is good to excellent with appropri- AUTHOR: Lindsey M. Kurach, DVM, DACVS
ate treatment of the hematoma and manage- Technician Tips EDITOR: Elizabeth A. Swanson, DVM, MS, DACVS
ment of the underlying dermatologic • Maintaining the pinna securely bandaged
problem. to the head can be a challenge. Regular
• Recurrence is likely if underlying cause is bandage changes are necessary to evaluate
not managed appropriately. healing, clean the ear, and make sure the
pinna is securely held in place. The client
PEARLS & CONSIDERATIONS may need considerable assistance with
bandage maintenance.
Comments • To remove the bandage, cut it along the
• Evacuation of the contents of the hematoma, ventral midline of the dog’s neck to avoid
establishment of drainage, and prevention cutting the pinna lying reflected (within the
of pinna deformation are necessary for bandage) on the dorsal head.
successful treatment of aural hematomas.

Babesiosis Bonus Material
Online

BASIC INFORMATION • Greyhounds at increased risk for B. canis One of the novel large Babesia sp has been
vogeli diagnosed in the United States and the other
Definition in the United Kingdom.
Canine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease caused RISK FACTORS
by a hemoprotozoan parasite that infects red • Dog fights (particularly bites by an APBT) ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
blood cells of dogs, causing hemolytic anemia • Tick infestation • Some patients with babesiosis have been
and thrombocytopenia. Two primary species • Blood transfusion concurrently diagnosed with other tick-borne
have been identified: Babesia canis (large • Shared needles or surgical instruments diseases.
Babesia) and Babesia gibsoni (small Babesia). • Vertical transmission (infected dam) • The novel large Babesia sp identified in United
States (coco) has been primarily diagnosed
Synonyms CONTAGION AND ZOONOSIS in dogs that have previously undergone
• Babesiosis: piroplasmosis • Transmission is through blood contamination splenectomy or are undergoing chemotherapy.
• Babesia/Theileria annae: Babesia microti–like or arthropod infestation (Rhipicephalus, Clinical Presentation
parasite Haemaphysalis, or Dermacentor spp).
• Babesia gibsoni: B. gibsoni (Asian genotype) • Canine babesiosis is not a documented DISEASE FORMS/SUBTYPES
• Babesia conradae: may be referred to as B. zoonotic disease; B. microti is a small Babesia Babesiosis can cause severe, life-threatening
gibsoni (U.S. genotype) infecting human red blood cells. Canine disease in some dogs; others show few or no
• Babesia canis subspecies: three subspecies of species of Babesia causing infections in outward clinical signs. B. microti–like infections
B. canis have been proposed: B. canis vogeli, humans have not been well documented. are commonly associated with azotemia and
B. canis canis, and B. canis rossi. Some have proteinuria.
suggested they represent three species of GEOGRAPHY AND SEASONALITY
Babesia. • Because babesiosis can be acute or chronic, HISTORY, CHIEF COMPLAINT
• Babesia “coco”: Large, unnamed Babesia sp it can be diagnosed at any time of year. Owners may observe weakness, lethargy,
in North America • Small Babesia spp anorexia, pallor, icterus, or discolored urine
○ B. gibsoni was once limited to Asia but (bilirubinuria or hemoglobinuria). Other
Epidemiology now has a worldwide distribution. historical findings may include tick exposure,
SPECIES, AGE, SEX ○ B. microti—like: Spain and North America recent blood transfusion, or recent dog fight
Dogs of any age and either sex ○ B. conradae: southern California (especially with an APBT).
• Large Babesia spp
GENETICS, BREED PREDISPOSITION ○ B. canis vogeli: worldwide PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS
• American pit bull terriers (APBTs) and Tosa ○ B. canis canis: Europe Pallor and splenomegaly, +/− lymphadenopathy,
Inus at increased risk for B. gibsoni ○ B. canis rossi: Africa fever, petechiae, or icterus may occur

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