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Cutaneous Masses Cyanosis: Causation 1211

Cutaneous Masses
VetBooks.ir Epithelial Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Sebaceous carcinoma Lipocytic Origin

Skin Masses
Liposarcoma
adenoma
Epidermal Origin Perianal (hepatoid) gland hyperplasia and Lipoma
Viral papilloma Perianal gland epithelioma Muscular Origin
Squamous cell carcinoma Perianal gland carcinoma Leiomyoma
Basal cell carcinoma Sweat Gland Origin Leiomyosarcoma
Dermoid cyst (Rhodesian ridgeback) Apocrine cyst
Follicular Origin Apocrine adenoma Neural and Perineural Origin
Merkel cell tumor
Follicular cyst (infundibular cyst) Apocrine adenocarcinoma
Follicular hamartoma Eccrine carcinoma Lymphohistiocytic Skin Masses
Trichoblastoma Mesenchymal Neoplastic and Non- Histiocytic Origin
Trichoepithelioma Neoplastic Skin Masses Canine cutaneous histiocytoma
Trichofolliculoma Fibrous Origin Canine reactive histiocytosis (cutaneous,
Infundibular keratinizing acanthoma Collagenous hamartoma/nevus systemic)
(intracutaneous cornifying epithelioma, Canine nodular dermatofibrosis (German Histiocytic sarcoma
keratoacanthoma) shepherd) Lymphocytic Origin
Pilomatricoma Acrochordon (skin tag) Plasmacytoma
Melanocytic Origin Fibroma Epitheliotropic lymphoma
Melanocytoma Fibrosarcoma Nonepitheliotropic lymphoma
Melanoma Vascular and Perivascular Origin Cutaneous lymphomatosis
Sebaceous Origin Hemangioma Miscellaneous Origins
Sebaceous hamartoma/nevus Hemangiosarcoma Mast cell tumor
Sebaceous gland hyperplasia/adenoma Lymphangiosarcoma Transmissible venereal tumor
Sebaceous epithelioma Hemangiopericytoma Cutaneous metastases
For noninflammatory and infectious processes, see algorithm of Nodular Dermatitis. Differentials, Lists, and Mnemonics
Reproduced from the third edition in unabridged form.

THIRD EDITION AUTHOR: Manon Paradis, DMV, MVSc, DACVD

Cyanosis: Causation

Cause Examples Considerations
Decreased inspired oxygen (FiO 2 ) Smoke inhalation, asphyxiating gas, anesthetic mishap History suggestive; responds to O 2 supplementation
Decreased peripheral perfusion Shock, aortic thromboembolism (saddle thrombus), Only area of reduced blood flow affected (e.g., hind paw
hypothermia pads with saddle thrombus)
Disordered control of breathing Coma, brain trauma History and examination, including neurologic examination
Erythrocytosis Polycythemia vera, Eisenmenger’s complex, Absolute concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin >4 to
right-to-left patent ductus arteriosus, renal carcinoma 5 g/dL; normal respiratory effort; normal thoracic imaging
Heart disease (right-to-left shunting) Tetralogy of Fallot, Eisenmenger’s complex, Differential cyanosis (pink oral and conjunctival mucous
right-to-left patent ductus arteriosus membranes; cyanotic vulvar/preputial mucosa) is
characteristic of right-to-left shunting patent ductus
arteriosus; other causes generalized.
Hypoventilation Botulism, polyradiculoneuritis, severe obesity, chest wall History and examination crucial; PaCO 2 increased
deformity, excessively deep anesthetic plane
Intrinsic lung disease Interstitial lung disease, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, Adventitial sounds common; thoracic imaging usually
pulmonary neoplasia supportive of pulmonary dysfunction
Lower airway obstruction Asthma, severe tracheal collapse, bronchial carcinoma Cough and wheeze are characteristic; bronchointerstitial
infiltrates common but not consistent
Methemoglobinemia Congenital, acquired oxidative RBC injury (e.g., drugs, SpO 2 reading often 75% to 85% and normal PaO 2;
skunk musk, Allium species foods) respiratory effort often normal; thoracic imaging normal;
chocolate-brown blood when methemoglobin >10%
Pleural space disease Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, flail chest Muffled lung/heart sounds, TFAST scan or radiographs
diagnostic
Pulmonary hypertension Stage C or > myxomatous mitral valve disease, Right heart enlargement sometimes seen on radiographs;
heartworms, pulmonary fibrosis, bronchomalacia, severe tricuspid murmur possible; tricuspid valve regurgitation
tracheal collapse, pulmonary neoplasia, right-to-left velocity ≥2.7 m/s, high-velocity pulmonic insufficiency ±
patent ductus arteriosus “notching” on Doppler echocardiography
Continued

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