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Bordetellosis 125

TREATMENT Recommended Monitoring blindness caused by optic radiation and
cortical lesions.
• Monitor for return of vision, PLR, dazzle • A PLR depends only on quantity of light;
VetBooks.ir • Treatment is directed at addressing underly- • Serial fundic exam vision depends on quality of light; therefore, Diseases and Disorders
Treatment Overview
reflex after commencing therapy.
the PLR should remain intact despite opacity
ing cause of blindness such as hypertensive
retinopathy, uveitis, cataracts.
• Administration of empirical therapy is usually PROGNOSIS & OUTCOME of the ocular media (e.g., cataract) if there is
no concurrent retinal or optic nerve damage.
not recommended until a tentative or final • Depends on underlying cause
diagnosis has been reached. • Restoration of vision after acute vision loss Technician Tips
○ Administration of systemic corticosteroids may be possible after rapid diagnosis of underly- Blind patients may appear to be aware of their
prematurely may preclude diagnosis of ing condition and intensive appropriate therapy. surroundings. Be sure to mark cages to alert
neoplasia and some inflammatory disor- • In many cases, blindness is irreversible, and staff to blind status when handling the animal,
ders and may exacerbate systemic infec- long-term management aims to provide and ideally, place blind patients in a floor-level
tious diseases. comfort if pain is likely (e.g., glaucoma). cage to avoid falls from an open cage door.
Acute General Treatment PEARLS & CONSIDERATIONS Client Education
Depends on underlying cause Provide client with education sheet: “How to
Comments Change the Environment for a Pet That Is
Chronic Treatment • Assessment of the direct and consensual PLRs Blind.”
• Manage underlying conditions such as and dazzle reflexes is imperative in evaluation
chronic renal failure, systemic hypertension, of blindness. SUGGESTED READING
systemic infectious disease. ○ Absence of the PLR and/or dazzle reflex Plummer C: Diagnosing acute blindness in dogs.
• Systemic mycoses and immune-mediated is a poor prognostic indicator because Todays Vet Pract 6:18-23, 2016.
disorders typically require long-term therapy. minimal retinal function is required to
• Treat primary cause of blindness when retain these reflexes. AUTHOR: Anne J. Gemensky-Metzler, DVM, MS,
DACVO
possible (e.g., refer for surgery of mature • The PLR and dazzle reflexes do not involve EDITOR: Diane V. H. Hendrix, DVM, DACVO
cataracts). the visual cortex so are normal with central

Bordetellosis Client Education
Sheet

BASIC INFORMATION CONTAGION AND ZOONOSIS canine distemper, Mycoplasma spp, and/or
• B. bronchiseptica is highly contagious: animal- Streptococcus spp in dogs and feline rhinotra-
Definition to-animal contact, aerosol, or fomites. cheitis (feline herpesvirus), feline calicivirus,
Diseases caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica, Infected animals shed the organism in nasal and other pathogens in cats (pp. 987 and
a highly contagious, aerobic, gram-negative and oropharyngeal secretions for 3 months 1006).
coccobacillus that is a primary respiratory or longer after infection. Infection can be Clinical Presentation
pathogen for dogs and cats; commonly causes transmitted between species.
acute or chronic respiratory disease or subclini- • B. bronchiseptica is a rare cause of zoonotic DISEASE FORMS/SUBTYPES
cal infections disease. Human infection (respiratory Bordetellosis in small animals typically causes
disease, pleuritis, meningitis, peritonitis, a syndrome of tracheobronchitis but may cause
Synonyms pancreatic abscess) can occur opportunisti- bronchopneumonia.
B. bronchiseptica is considered a contributing cally in infants or immunocompromised
agent in the acute canine infectious respira- people. HISTORY, CHIEF COMPLAINT
tory disease (CIRD) syndrome, also known • B. bronchiseptica can be isolated from the • History typically includes exposure to
as infectious tracheobronchitis or kennel upper respiratory tract in multiple non-housemate animals several days
cough. ○ Up to 10% of healthy household before onset of coughing.
dogs and 5%-11% of healthy household • Chief complaint in dogs is usually acute-
cats onset, nonproductive hacking cough,
Epidemiology ○ Up to 78% of dogs and up to 44% of including bouts of severe coughing that result
SPECIES, AGE, SEX cats with acute respiratory infections in terminal retch.
• Dogs, cats, and many other domestic and ○ 19.5% of asymptomatic dogs and 24% • Chief complaint in cats is most often sneez-
wild animal species of asymptomatic cats in U.S. animal ing, oculonasal discharge, and cough.
• Young animals more susceptible to disease, shelters • Severe or complicated cases may have signs
especially severe disease (i.e., pneumonia) of pneumonia (p. 795), including respiratory
GEOGRAPHY AND SEASONALITY distress.
RISK FACTORS Worldwide distribution, year-round
• Exposure to other animals with respiratory PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS
infection ASSOCIATED DISORDERS • Spontaneous or inducible cough (nonspecific)
• Housed in crowded conditions (shelters, Bordetellosis is commonly part of a disease • ± Conjunctivitis
boarding kennels, breeding facilities) complex that often includes co-infections with • ± Nasal or ocular discharge
• Lack of vaccination canine parainfluenza, canine adenovirus-2, • ± Submandibular lymphadenopathy

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