Page 306 - Cote clinical veterinary advisor dogs and cats 4th

Breeding Management (Dog) 130.e3

After the pipette is placed, the semen • Pregnancy diagnosis can be performed by
■ PROGNOSIS & OUTCOME
is injected slowly through a syringe ultrasound > 25 days after the LH surge, by Average pregnancy rates after artificial insemina-
VetBooks.ir withdrawn, and a finger is placed into (Witness Relaxin, Zoetis), or radiographically tion with fresh, chilled, or frozen-thawed semen Diseases and Disorders
attached to the pipette, the pipette is
relaxin assay > 28 days after the LH surge
> 42 days after the LH surge.
vary greatly between 45% and 90%.
the vestibule and used to massage the
floor of the cranial vestibule (“feather-
ing”) for 1-10 minutes (vaginal contrac-
tions result and facilitate movement of
semen through the cervix).
Elevation of the bitch’s hindquarters
■
(theoretical benefit of gravity) is often
practiced.
Natural copulation can be simulated
■
by the use of a dedicated insemination
catheter that allows for the insufflation
of a large cuff that seals the vagina to
prevent backflow of semen after
insemination (Mavic catheter).
○ Artificial insemination with frozen or
poor-quality fresh/cooled semen:
Breed between days 5 to 7 after LH
■
surge.
Perform laparotomy and inject semen
■
through uterine wall into the uterine
lumen, or perform transcervical cath-
eterization and inject semen directly
into uterine lumen.
❏ Transcervical catheterization can be
performed either with an endoscopi-
cally guided transcervical catheter
(dedicated equipment) or with a A B
Norwegian catheter that can be
guided through the cervix using BREEDING MANAGEMENT (CANINE) Changes in the appearance of the vulva during proestrus and
abdominal palpation (advanced skill estrus: swollen turgid vulva (B) and enlarged flaccid vulva with sanguineous discharge (A). (Courtesy Dr. Rob
and experience needed). Lofstedt.)
❏ Transcervical catheterization allows
for repeat inseminations on multiple
days.
❏ With frozen semen, more than one
insemination at daily intervals and
a lower sperm dose produces better Sexual receptivity LH
results than a single, well-timed Progesterone
insemination with a high sperm dose.
Two to four daily vaginal inseminations Follicle development
■ and ovulation
with frozen-thawed semen extended
with prostatic fluid have yielded excel- Serum estrogen
lent results.
Behavior/Exercise
• Unrestricted exercise
• To prevent unintentional matings, estrous 7 days 0 4 5 6 8-10 days
bitches must not have contact with intact
male dogs. Vulvar and vaginal
mucosal swelling 4n 2n n Disintegrating
Possible Complications Fertile
Inappropriate timing of artificial insemination
or use of poor-quality semen can result in a
reduction of expected litter size.
Recommended Monitoring
• The first day of diestrus (D1) can be identi- Bleeding
fied using vaginal cytology and is the first
day with < 50% cornified cells and a sig- BREEDING MANAGEMENT (CANINE) Diagram outlines the hormonal, behavioral, and cytologic changes
nificant increase in neutrophils. Whelping occurring during estrus. Sexual receptivity, vaginal cytology, and hemorrhagic discharge are not accurate indicators
of the optimal time to breed. However, vaginal cytology should be monitored initially. As soon as there is a
occurs 57 (± 2 in 98% of dogs) days after significant cornification (50% superficial cells), serum progesterone testing should begin. Samples are collected
D1; this can be useful information for safe on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays to monitor for the initial rise in serum progesterone (twice baseline in
timing of a cesarean section if the LH surge the range of 1.5-3 ng/mL) because this event is temporally associated with the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge.
was not identified. (Courtesy Dr. Rob Lofstedt.)

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