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350 Footpad Disorders

animals in the household can trigger this type SUGGESTED READING AUTHOR: Laura Eirmann, DVM, DACVN
of adverse reaction. Ask if a new food item Roudebush P, et al: Adverse reactions to food. In EDITOR: Rance K. Sellon, DVM, PhD, DACVIM
VetBooks.ir recently fed. nutrition, ed 5, Topeka, KS, 2010, Mark Morris
or new package of current food has been
Hand MS, et al, editors: Small animal clinical
Institute, pp 609-635.

Footpad Disorders

BASIC INFORMATION
RISK FACTORS Etiology and Pathophysiology
Definition • Lacerations/trauma: outdoor activities, Footpad lesions can arise from various
The pathologic condition involves the footpad roaming pathomechanisms:
skin. The most common causes are trauma, contact • Footpad calcinosis cutis: renal failure • Direct trauma
dermatitis, cornification defects, pigmentation • SND: hepatopathy or glucagon-producing • Contact with an irritant or corrosive
disorders, autoimmune disease, secondary bacte- pancreatic tumor substance
rial infection, and self-trauma. Pododermatitis • Development of antibodies or activated lym-
and phalangeal disorders are discussed on p. GEOGRAPHY AND SEASONALITY phocytes against normal body constituents
799. Leishmaniasis in endemic areas (autoimmune diseases) or against inciting
antigens (drugs, bacteria, viruses), causing
Synonym ASSOCIATED DISORDERS tissue damage
Paw pad disorders • SLE: systemic signs, depending on the organs • Altered process of cornification resulting in
involved hyperkeratosis
Epidemiology • Feline paraneoplastic alopecia: pancreatic or • Defective melanin production or a destruction
SPECIES, AGE, SEX bile duct carcinoma of melanocytes leads to pigment disorders.
• Dogs and cats: although uncommon, footpad • Xanthomatosis: can be associated with A disorder at the dermoepidermal junction
diseases are more frequently seen in cats in diabetes mellitus, presumed hereditary level can result in hypopigmentation.
comparison to dogs, while interdigital lesions hyperlipoproteinemia in cats • Hereditary sensitive neuropathy in acral
are more common in dogs (p. 799). • Feline plasma cell pododermatitis: possible mutilation syndrome
• Dogs < 1 year old: hereditary footpad concurrent feline immunodeficiency virus • In addition to primary causes, self-trauma
hyperkeratosis, collagen disorder of the (FIV) infection, immune-mediated glomeru- and secondary bacterial infection can result
footpads of German shepherds, familial lonephritis or renal amyloidosis, plasma cell in footpad lesions.
vasculopathies, acrodermatitis, junctional stomatitis, nasal swelling
and dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, and • Uveodermatologic syndrome: granulomatous DIAGNOSIS
acral mutilation syndrome uveitis
• Older dogs: superficial necrolytic dermatitis • Cutaneous horns in cats: possible concurrent Diagnostic Overview
(SND), epitheliotropic lymphoma, nasodigi- feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection The diagnosis will be based on a dermatologic
tal hyperkeratosis exam and on complementary testing, which
Clinical Presentation will vary depending on the possible differential
GENETICS, BREED PREDISPOSITION HISTORY, CHIEF COMPLAINT diagnosis.
• Vitiligo: Siamese cats, Belgian sheep- Skin lesions are located on one or multiple
dogs, rottweilers, Doberman pinschers, footpads. Self-trauma and lameness may be Differential Diagnosis
others observed. Paw involvement may also be part • Environmental: trauma, irritant contact
• Footpad hyperkeratosis: Irish terriers, dogues of a more generalized condition. With footpad dermatitis, calcinosis cutis caused by per-
de Bordeaux, Kerry blue terriers, Labrador lacerations, owner-observed bleeding often is cutaneous penetration of calcium salts, and
and golden retrievers the first sign. thallium toxicosis
• Collagen disorders of the footpads: German • Hereditary: see Genetics and Breed Predis-
shepherds PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS position above.
• Familial vasculopathy: German shepherds • Number of paws affected: lesions on mul- • Allergic or immune mediated
and Jack Russell terriers tiple paws (see Associated Disorders above) ○ Dogs: pemphigus foliaceus, SLE, vasculitis,
• Acral mutilation syndrome: German short- versus on one paw (neoplasia, trauma, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema
haired and English pointers, English springer infection) multiforme, cryoglobulinemia and
spaniels, and French spaniels • Depending on the disease, several changes cryofibrinogenemia, bullous pemphigoid,
• Dermatomyositis: Beauceron shepherd dogs can be present on the footpads epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, uveoder-
• Uveodermatologic syndrome: Akitas, Alaskan ○ Swelling and inflammation matologic syndrome, and drug reactions
Malamutes, Siberian Huskies, Australian ○ Hyperkeratosis ○ Cats: eosinophilic granuloma complex, pem-
shepherds, and others ○ Cracking and fissuring phigus foliaceus, SLE, erythema multiforme,
• Zinc-responsive dermatosis: Alaskan Mala- ○ Ulcers toxic epidermal necrolysis, vasculitis, cryo-
mutes, Siberian Huskies, bull terriers ○ Hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation globulinemia and cryofibrinogenemia, drug
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): collies, ○ Draining tracts reactions, and plasma cell pododermatitis
Shetland sheepdogs, German shepherds ○ Change in footpad texture • Nutritional: zinc-responsive dermatosis,
• Wartlike lesions or corns on footpads: ○ Signs of pain on walking or during xanthomatosis associated with feeding
greyhounds, sighthounds handling of the paw(s) high-fat foods

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