Page 943 - Cote clinical veterinary advisor dogs and cats 4th

Herbal Drugs/Natural Supplements Toxicosis 463

Toxicology of Commonly Used Herbal Ingredients
VetBooks.ir Common Genus, Species Toxin/Toxic Popular Uses Toxicity Signs/Major Treatment Overview/ Diseases and Disorders
Principle
Comments
Effect or Actions
Names
Hydroxycoumarin,
Matricaria recutita,
Low toxicity; mild GI
Chamomile
Vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy;
Sedative, GI ulcers,
wound healing,
bisabolol, chamazulene
Chamaemelum nobile
antibacterial, rarely, anticoagulant effects; signs expected with acute
epistaxis, hematoma (cats)
ingestion; hematologic
antiinflammatory changes with chronic
ingestion
ECGC (green tea), Camellia sinensis, Caffeine, theobromine Weight loss, “herbal Agitation, hyperactivity, Chocolate toxicosis (p. 159)
guarana, cocoa, Paullinia cupana, Cola (methylxanthines) No-Doz” polyuria, polydipsia, cardiac
cola, kola nut, acuninata, Theobroma arrhythmias, seizures
chocolate cacao
Evening primrose Oenothera biennis Oil contains 50%-70% Supports cardiovascular Self-limited gastritis Low toxicity; systemic effects
cis-linoleic acid and function; used for not expected; mild vomiting
other fatty acids rheumatoid arthritis, or diarrhea possible
multiple sclerosis
Ginkgo, ginkyo Ginkgo biloba Several flavonoids; Leaf extract used for From leaf extract: vomiting, Mild effects from leaf extract;
terpenoids, alkaloid antioxidant properties, diarrhea, lethargy decontamination, diazepam,
ginkgo toxin in the seed dementia treatment, From seeds: seizures, fluids if seeds involved (treat
circulatory disorders, shaking, tremors possible based on clinical signs)
neuroprotection
Ginseng Panax quinquefolium; Steroid-like compounds, Roots, teas, cosmetics Vomiting, diarrhea, Good safety index in humans;
Panax ginseng ginsenosides, and used for general well- nervousness, excitation, decontamination of patient,
panaxosides, saponins, being, aging, diabetes, lethargy, hypoglycemia fluids, and supportive care
neurosis, cancer possible (treat based on clinical signs)
Grapefruit seed Citrus X paradise Quaternary ammonium Disinfectant, antifungal, Oral ulcers; hypersalivation, Cats more sensitive (p. 178)
extract compounds, cationic antimicrobial vomiting ± blood, weakness, Dilution, bathing, GI
detergents anorexia, hyperthermia, protectants, pain control,
dermal erythema, pain, supportive care
ulceration
5-HTP Griffonia simplicifolia 5-Hydroxytryptophan Depression, headaches, Serotonin syndrome; Antidepressant (SSRI/SNRI)
(5-HTP) insomnia, obesity, sedation, vomiting, diarrhea, (pp. 71 and 1281)
over-the-counter tremors, seizures, ataxia,
antidepressant hyperesthesia, hyperthermia
Kava, yangona, Piper methysticum Kawain and several Beverages prepared from Expected clinical signs similar Benzodiazepine toxicosis
kawa other lactones roots used as a relaxant; to benzodiazepines; sedation, (p. 116)
euphoric effect; sedative ataxia, lethargy, visual
disturbances
Khat, kat, gat, kus Catha edulis Alkaloid katin Used in East African Amphetamine-like effects; Amphetamine toxicosis
(amphetamine-like) countries; stimulant, hyperactivity, agitation, (p. 50)
mood elevator; leaves seizures, tachycardia,
and stems chewed hypertension
Kratom, mambog Mitragyna speciosa Mitragynine Opium substitute, Low doses: sedation and Monitor cardiovascular
psychoactive substance ataxia system (heart rate and
Higher doses: hallucinations, blood pressure), monitor for
agitation, and stimulation CNS signs, including ataxia,
agitation, tremors, seizures
Fluids, methocarbamol,
diazepam, acepromazine
Ma huang, Indian Ephedra sinica, Sida Ephedrine, Weight loss, weight Sympathomimetic effects; Decongestant toxicosis
common mallow, cordifolia, Citrus pseudoephedrine, lifting, “herbal ecstasy,” hyperthermia, hypertension, (p. 240)
bitter orange aurantium synephrine decongestants tachycardia, tremors,
seizures, agitation
Neem, nim, nimbi Azadirachta indica Azadirachtin as Insecticidal properties, Hypothermia, ataxia, lethargy, Used for controlling fleas
insecticide; neem oil birth control agent, coma (cats) in dips/shampoos on cats;
hypoglycemic properties bathing, thermoregulation,
supportive care
Purple coneflower, Echinacea purpurea Arabinogalactan Cold and flu support, Signs due to allergenic Low toxicity; no systemic
echinacea immune stimulant, effects; vomiting, diarrhea effects likely from acute
wound healing exposure
St. John’s wort Hypericum perforatum Hypericin Antidepressant, insomnia, MAO inhibitor, depression, Antidepressant (SSRI/SNRI)
anxiety, wound healing, vomiting, diarrhea; rarely, (pp. 71 and 1281)
skin conditions tremors, seizures
Continued

www.ExpertConsult.com