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464 Herpesviral Keratitis, Cats

Toxicology of Commonly Used Herbal Ingredients—cont’d
VetBooks.ir Common Genus, Species Toxin/Toxic Popular Uses Toxicity Signs/Major Treatment Overview/
Comments
Principle
Effect or Actions
Names
Tea tree oil,
Melaleuca alternifolia,
Cats more sensitive; bathing,
Melaleuca oil,
Germicidal, fungal
Terpenes; essential oils
infections, antiseptic, flea
pulegone, menthofuran
pennyroyal oil
Mentha pulegium
depression, hepatotoxicity,
control, dermatitis Oral: vomiting, diarrhea, CNS fluids, thermoregulation; may
need few days of supportive
aspiration pneumonia treatment
Dermal: paresis, ataxia,
weakness, hypothermia
lasting 1-3 days
Thioctic acid, Alpha-lipoic acid Alpha-lipoic acid Diabetic treatment, Hypoglycemic effects; Cats more sensitive;
alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) Amanita mushroom hypersalivation, vomiting, dextrose for hypoglycemia,
(ALA) poisoning hypoglycemia, liver damage, hepatoprotectants, fluid
kidney failure, death support
Valerian Valeriana officinalis Valepotriates, Sedative, sleep aid, Affects the GABA receptor; Decontamination, supportive
monoterpenes, and antianxiety lethargy, sedation, muscle care
sesquiterpenes relaxation, ataxia
Wintergreen Gaultheria Oil contains 98% Topical pain control; oral Vomiting, diarrhea, gastric Cats more sensitive; aspirin
extract /oil procumbens methyl salicylate; digestive ulceration, hyperthermia, toxicosis
essential oils sedation, coma, acute
hepatic injury
Yohimbine Pausinystalia Alpha-2 adrenergic Stimulant; hypertension, Signs due to alpha-2 Decontamination, diazepam,
yohimbine blocking agent angina, “herbal Viagra” adrenergic blocking activity; fluids, stabilize heart
hyperactivity, agitation, rate, blood pressure,
tremors, seizures, vomiting, thermoregulation
diarrhea, hypotension
CNS, Central nervous system; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; GI, gastrointestinal. MAO, monoamine oxidase; SNRI, serotonin, and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
• Many pet owners use herbal supplements • The table above shows some of the most
Epidemiology as alternative/complementary/integrative common ingredients, their actions, and
SPECIES, AGE, SEX therapy with or without discussing it with treatments.
Acute toxicosis in dogs is reported commonly their veterinarian. Because there is usually
because of their indiscriminate eating habits. no warning on the label, many pet owners Technician Tips
Dogs and cats of all breeds, ages, and both do not consider herbal drugs/nutritional Most herbal products/supplements contain
sexes are susceptible. supplements hazardous and do not keep them multiple ingredients. Always ask the client
out of reach of pets. Because pet owners do to bring the container/label of the product
PEARLS & CONSIDERATIONS not consider herbal supplements medication, involved.
they may not include them in a medical
Comments history unless specifically asked. SUGGESTED READING
• Safety and efficacy of most herbal drugs in • Most herbal supplements contain multiple DerMarderosian A, et al: The review of natural
pets has not been evaluated. ingredients, and if their mechanisms of action products, ed 8, St. Louis, 2014, Wolters Kluwer
• Concentration of active ingredients in are similar, one supplement may cause additive Health.
the herbal supplement can vary between or synergistic toxic effects (i.e., uncharacteristi- AUTHOR: Charlotte Means, DVM, MLIS, DABVT, DABT
brands and from plant to plant because of cally severe signs). For example, presence of EDITOR: Tina Wismer, DVM, MS, DABVT, DABT
environmental factors (e.g., growth stage, guarana and green tea or presence of ma huang
soil conditions, weather) or manufacturing and guarana together may lead to additive or
processes. synergistic toxic effects.

Herpesviral Keratitis, Cats Client Education
Sheet

BASIC INFORMATION Synonyms • Young kittens undergoing primary exposure
• Herpetic keratitis usually display ulcerative disease; older cats
Definition • Feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR) undergoing viral reactivation may experience
• Corneal inflammation associated with feline Epidemiology ulcerative or nonulcerative recrudescent
herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) infection disease along with conjunctivitis.
• Categorized clinically as nonulcerative SPECIES, AGE, SEX
(stromal) or ulcerative keratitis; categorized • Highly species specific: domestic and GENETICS, BREED PREDISPOSITION
epidemiologically as primary or recrudescent wild cats of any age may be affected • No proven breed predisposition (prevalence
herpesviral keratitis (p. 1006) in breeding catteries may give false impres-
sion of breed susceptibility)

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