Page 820 - Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology, 6th Edition
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798   PART IV    Specific Malignancies in the Small Animal Patient


         Comparative Aspects                                    12.   Hargis AM, Ihrke PJ, Spangler QL, et al.: A retrospective clinico-
                                                                    pathologic study of 212 dogs with cutaneous hemangiomas and
                                                                    hemangiosarcomas, Vet Pathol 29:316–328, 1992.
         Histiocytic neoplasia is extremely rare in people, and many pur-
  VetBooks.ir  ported cases were reclassified as lymphomas with the advent of    13.   Nikula KJ, Benjamin SA, Angleton GM, et al.: Ultraviolet radia-
                                                                    tion,  solar  dermatosis,  and  cutaneous  neoplasia  in  Beagle  dogs,
                                       584
         IHC and advanced molecular testing.
                                          More recently, the dis-
                                                                    Radiat Res 129:11–18, 1992.
         ease has been better described and classified into HS, Langerhans    14.   Szivek A, Burns RE, Gericota B, et al.: Clinical outcome in 94 cases
         cell sarcoma, LCH, follicular dendritic cell sarcoma, interdigitat-  of dermal haemangiosarcoma in dogs treated with surgical excision:
         ing cell sarcoma, and indeterminate dendritic cell sarcoma. 585  HS   1993-2007, Vet Comp Oncol 10:65–73, 2012.
         in humans presents in the LN in one-third of patients, in the skin    15.   Ware WA, Hopper DL: Cardiac tumors in dogs: 1982-1995, J Vet
         in one-third of patients, and in extranodal sites in the remain-  Intern Med 13:95–103, 1999.
         ing patients. The intestinal tract is the most common extranodal    16.   Torres de la Riva G, Hart BL, Farver TB, et al.: Neutering dogs:
         site and hepatosplenomegaly is common. Some patients may also   effects on joint disorders and cancers in golden retrievers, PLOS
         present with multiple anatomic sites of involvement and 70% of   One 8:e55937, 2013.
         patients present with advanced stage (III or IV) disease. 584  HS    17.   Lamerato-Kozicki  AR, Helm KM, Jubala CM, et  al.: Canine
         in humans is an aggressive neoplasm that is often refractory to   hemangiosarcoma originates from hematopoietic precursors with
         therapy and results in death in most patients. Similar to that in   potential for endothelial differentiation, Exp Hematol 34:870–878,
                                                                    2006.
         dogs, hypoalbuminemia is associated with a poorer prognosis in    18.   Fosmire SP, Dickerson EB, Scott AM, et al.: Canine malignant
         people with histiocytic neoplasia. 585  Braf and MEK mutations   hemangiosarcoma as a model of primitive angiogenic endothelium,
         have been found in some cases of HS and other histiocytic neo-  Lab Invest 84:562–572, 2004.
         plasia types. 585,586                                  19.   Gorden  BH, Kim JH, Sarber AL, et  al.: Identification of three
            The results of a recent study using genome-wide array com-  molecular and functional subtypes in canine hemangiosarcoma
         parative genomic hybridization to evaluate copy number alterna-  through gene expression profiling and progenitor cell characteriza-
         tions suggest that canine HS may offer a valuable model for the   tion, Am J Pathol 184:985–995, 2014.
         human counterpart. 530  Extrapolation of data derived from canine    20.   Tamburini BA, Phang TL, Fosmire SP, et al.: Gene expression pro-
         histiocytic disorders to human histiocytic proliferation may help   filing identifies inflammation and angiogenesis as distinguishing
                                                                    features of canine hemangiosarcoma, BMC Canc 10:619, 2010.
         further our understanding of the disease to promote the develop-   21.   Thomas R, Borst L, Rotroff D, et al.: Genomic profiling reveals
         ment of new and effective therapeutic modalities for both species.   extensive heterogeneity in somatic DNA copy number aberrations
         Because many of the recurrent genetic changes are evolutionarily   of canine hemangiosarcoma, Chrom Res 22:305–319, 2014.
         conserved with those reported in human histiocytic proliferations,    22.   Naka N, Tomita Y, Nakanashi H, et al.: Mutations of p53 tumor-
         this further points to a shared conserved pathogenesis.    suppressor gene in angiosarcoma, Int J Cancer 71:952–955, 1997.
                                                                23.   Arbiser  JL, Moses MA, Fernandez CA, et  al.: Oncogenic H-ras
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