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402 Hand-Rearing Birds

putting it with other shorebirds of similar size so that it at least has another chick for companion-
ship. Although aggression does not seem to be a problem between most shorebird chicks, when
putting different chick species together it is important to be wary of larger chicks accidentally step-
ping on smaller chicks. It is not recommended to raise shorebird chicks with other precocial chicks,
such as quail, because disease transmission, such as avian pox, may occur. Any bird that is kept by
themselves should always have a mirror. Oystercatchers imprint on humans easily and special care
and protocols may be needed.
There are many factors to consider that may influence how shorebirds are housed, such as the
local ambient temperature, financial resources, and supplies and equipment available. At each
step along the way, attention needs to be paid to each individual bird and how it is progressing in
its development to determine when it is ready for the next step.
For hatchlings, start with a smaller enclosure, such as an Animal Intensive Care Unit (AICU,
Lyon Technologies, Inc.), for the first few days. Other items that could work are brooders, aqua-
brooders, or aquarium/terrariums. The initial temperature of ICUs and incubators should be
around 98–99 °F (36.6 °C–37.2 °C) and the temperature reduced by 1–2 °F each day, depending on
the needs of the chick. Containers that are not fully enclosed should contain a heated section
(warmed by a heat lamp) that is around 98–99 °F and an unheated section in case the chick gets too
warm. Flannel pillowcases work very nicely for the top layer of cage substrate; they have some
traction but are smooth so toenails do not catch. Use a thin towel, pillowcase, or something that
provides some padding 1–2 in. (2.54–5.08 cm) thick underneath the top layer. Change the pillow-
case daily and coordinate with weighing to keep handling at a minimum and chicks contained
during cleaning.
Once they are eating readily and gaining weight, move them to a larger holding, such as a large
aquarium/terrarium, long container, stock tank, or human infant playpen, depending on the size
and activity level of the chicks. Sand substrate is recommended. Use clean, mesh #30 sand, at least
1 in. (2.54 cm) thick for smaller birds and at least 2 in. (5.08 cm) thick for larger birds, such as avo-
cets and stilts (Figure 24.6). Monitor the temperature of the sand below the heat bulb to ensure that
it does not become too hot. If sand is unavailable, use flannel sheets or smooth fabric with padding

Figure­24.6­ Indoor tank housing with naturalistic furnishings, shallow feeding dishes, heat support as
needed, and full-spectrum lighting with natural day/night cycles.