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Gulls and Terns 435

Release­Sites
Terns and gulls reared in captivity must be released in an appropriate habitat where there are
others of the same species. Because some tern and gull species migrate, if birds are reared or reha-
bilitated late in the season and the others of that species have already migrated, they may need to
be overwintered in suitable rehabilitation facilities or transported to catch up with conspecifics.
Release early in the day during a period of good weather. Always release young terns into a group
of foraging conspecifics.

­ Acknowledgments

Thanks to Mary F. Platter Rieger for her enthusiasm, interest, and support, and the generous use
of her photographs. Thanks also to the many endangered species monitors working at California
Least Tern breeding sites, in particular Elizabeth Copper, Brian Foster, Robert Patton, and Shauna
Wolf. Many thanks to Project Wildlife in San Diego, its wonderful volunteers, and to my late hus-
band Dr. John Faulkner, who always encouraged me to pass on my knowledge through publica-
tion. Thanks to Julie Skoglund for reviewing this chapter.

­ Sources­for Products­Mentioned

Carnivore Care: Oxbow Animal Health, 11902 South 150th Street, Omaha, NE 68138, (531) 721-
2300, http://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com.
Emeraid Piscivore: Lafeber Company, 24981 N 1400 East Road, Cornell, IL 61319, (800) 842-6445,
https://lafeber.com.
Ensure: Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, (800) 986-8501, https://ensure.com.
Multimilk: PetAg Inc., 255 Keyes Avenue, Hampshire, IL 60140, (800) 323-6878, https://www.
petag.com.
Vetrap, Coban, and Micropore paper tape: 3M, St. Paul, MN, (800) 628-7462, https://www.3m.
com/3M/en_US/company-us/all-3m-products.

­ References

Duerr, R.S. (2017). Gulls, terns, and shorebirds. In: Topics in Wildlife Medicine, Vol. 4: Orthopedics (eds.
R.S. Duerr and G.J. Purdin), 145–153. St. Cloud, MN: National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association.
Graboski, R. (1995). Simple things that make a difference: making water-based incubators. Journal of
Wildlife Rehabilitation 18 (2): 16–17.
Miller, E.A. (ed.) (2012). Minimum Standards for Wildlife Rehabilitation, 4e. St. Cloud, MN: National
Wildlife Rehabilitation Association.
Pierotti, R.J. and Annett, C.A. (1995). Western Gull (Larus occidentalis), version 2.0. In: The Birds of
North America (eds. A.F. Poole and F.B. Gill). Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology https://
doi.org/10.2173/bna.174.
Thompson, B.C., Jackson, J.A., Burger, J. et al. (1997). Least Tern (Sternula antillarum), version 2.0. In:
The Birds of North America (eds. A.F. Poole and F.B. Gill). Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of
Ornithology https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.290.