Page 542 - Small Animal Internal Medicine, 6th Edition

514 PART III Digestive System Disorders

Clinical Features Culp WTN, et al. Spontaneous hemoperitoneum in cats: 65 cases
(1994-2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2010;236:978.
Mesothelioma often causes bicavity effusion. The tumor may Dayer T, et al. Septic peritonitis from pyloric and non-pyloric
VetBooks.ir appear as fragile clots adhering to the peritoneal surface of gastrointestinal perforation: prognostic factors in 44 dogs and 11
various organs.
cats. J Small Anim Pract. 2013;54:625.
Diagnosis Grimes JA, et al. Identification of risk factors for septic peritonitis
and failure to survive following gastrointestinal surgery in dogs.
Imaging reveals only fluid accumulations. Fluid cytology J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2011;238:486.
rarely is diagnostic because reactive mesothelial cells are Horowitz FB, et al. A retrospective analysis of 25% human albumin
notorious for mimicking malignancy. Laparoscopy or lapa- supplementation in hypoalbuminemic dogs with septic peritoni-
rotomy is typically required for a definitive diagnosis. tis. Can Vet J. 2015;56:591.
Jitpean S, et al. Outcome of pyometra in female dogs and predictors
Treatment of peritonitis and prolonged postoperative hospitalization in sur-
Intracavity chemotherapy may be attempted. An oncologist gically treated cases. BMC Vet Res. 2014;10(6).
should be consulted. Ko JJ, et al. Barium peritonitis in small animals. J Vet Med Sci.
2014;76:621.
Prognosis Mueller MG, et al. Use of closed-suction drains to treat generalized
peritonitis in dogs and cats: 40 cases (1997-1999). J Am Vet Med
The prognosis is grim, but chemotherapy sometimes pro- Assoc. 2001;219:789.
longs survival.
Parsons KJ, et al. A retrospective study of surgically treated cases of
septic peritonitis in the cat (2000-2007). J Small Anim Pract.
FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS 2009;50:518.
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a viral disease of cats and Ralphs SC, et al. Risk factors for leakage following intestinal anas-
is discussed in detail in Chapter 96. Only the abdominal tomosis in dogs and cats: 115 cases (1991-2000). J Am Vet Med
effusion of FIP is discussed here. Although a major cause of Assoc. 2003;223:73.
feline abdominal effusion, FIP is not generally a common Ruthrauff CM, et al. Primary bacterial septic peritonitis in cats: 13
disease (unless one is involved with catteries), and it is not cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2009;45:268.
the only cause of feline abdominal effusions. Furthermore, Shales CJ, et al. Complications following full-thickness small intes-
not all cats with FIP have effusions. FIP effusions are classi- tinal biopsy in 66 dogs: a retrospective study. J Small Anim Pract.
2005;46:317.
cally pyogranulomatous (i.e., macrophages and nondegener- Smelstoys JA, et al. Outcome of and prognostic indicators for dogs
ate neutrophils) with a relatively low nucleated cell count and cats with pneumoperitoneum and no history of penetrating
(i.e., ≤10,000/µL). However, some cats with FIP have effu- trauma: 54 cases (1988-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;225:
sions that primarily contain neutrophils. A nonseptic exudate 251.
in a nonazotemic cat suggests FIP until proven otherwise. Wong C, et al. The colloid controversy: are colloids bad and what
are the options. Vet Clin N Amer. 2017;47:411.
Suggested Readings
Adams RJ, et al. Closed suction drainage for treatment of septic References
peritonitis of confirmed gastrointestinal origin in 20 dogs. Vet 1. Koenig A, et al. Usefulness of whole blood, plasma, peritoneal
Surg. 2014;43:843. fluid, and peritoneal fluid supernatant glucose concentrations
Aronsohn MG, et al. Prognosis for acute nontraumatic hemoperi- obtained by a veterinary point-of-care glucometer to identify
toneum in the dog: a retrospective analysis of 60 cases septic peritonitis in dogs with peritoneal effusion. J Amer Vet
(2003-2006). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2009;45:72. Med Assoc. 2015;247:1027.
Bernardine F, et al. Spontaneous gastrointestinal perforation in 2. Liu DT, et al. Early nutritional support is associated with
cats: a retrospective study of 13 cases. J Fel Med Surg. 2015;17:873. decreased hospitalization in dogs with septic peritonitis: a ret-
Costello MF, et al. Underlying cause, pathophysiologic abnormali- rospective study of 45 cases (2000-2009). J Vet Emerg Crit Care.
ties, and response to treatment in cats with septic peritonitis: 51 2012;22:453.
cases (1990-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;225:897. 3. Cortellini S, et al. Plasma lactate concentrations in septic peri-
Culp WTN, et al. Primary bacterial peritonitis in dogs and cats: 24 tonitis: a retrospective study of 83 dogs (2007-2012). J Vet Emerg
cases (1990-2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009;234:906. Crit Care. 2015;25:388.