Page 189 - Adams and Stashak's Lameness in Horses, 7th Edition
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Examination for Lameness  155


               Sitting the trot, when performed correctly, has the   8.  Bell RP, Reed SK, Schoonover MJ, et al. Associations of force
             least artifactual effect on assessment of lameness. A rider   plate and body‐mounted inertial sensor measurements for
                                                                    identification of hind limb lameness in horses. Am J Vet Res
  VetBooks.ir  up and forward when the inside (left) forelimb is weight   9.  Bobbert MF, Gòmez‐Alvarez CB, van Weeren PR, et al. Validation of
             riding to the left and posting on the right forelimb moves
                                                                    2016;77:337–345.
             bearing. This movement can exacerbate an existing pain­
                                                                    vertical ground reaction forces on individual limbs calculated from
             ful focus in the inside forelimb, making lameness more   kinematics of horse locomotion. J Exp Biol 2017;210:1185–1196.
             visible and easily measured. Subsequently, the rider falls   10.  Brocklehurst C, Weller R, Pfau T. Effect of turn direction on body
                                                                    lean angle in the horse in trot and canter.  Vet J 2014;199(2):
             downward and backward during pushoff of the inside     258–262.
             hindlimb.  This rider movement opposes the upward   11.  Buchner HHF, Savelberg HHCM, Shamhardt HC, et al. Kinematics
             thrust of the horse’s inside hindlimb, preventing or less­  of treadmill vs overground locomotion in horses. Vet Q Suppl
             ening pelvic rise. Less pelvic rise after pushoff on the   1994;2:87–90
             inside hindlimb will be measured as a hindlimb pushoff‐  12.  Buchner HHF, Savelberg HHCM, Schamhardt HC, et al. Bilateral
                                                                    lameness in horse—a kinematic study. Vet Q 1995;17:103–105.
             type lameness. This later effect of posting is highly pre­  13.  Buchner HHF, Salvelberg HHCM, Schamhardt HC, et al. Limb
             dictable and definitive. Horses without hindlimb pain   movement adaptations in horses with experimentally induced
             during pushoff will frequently measure with inside     fore‐ or hindlimb lameness. Equine Vet J 1996;28: 63–70.
             hindlimb pushoff‐type (lack of impulsion) lameness.   14.  Buchner HHF, Savelberg HHCM, Schamhardt HC, et al. Head
                                                                    and trunk movement adaptations in horses with experimen­
             Horses  with  existing  pushoff  lameness  in  the  inside   tally induced fore or hindlimb lameness. Equine Vet J 1996;28:
             hindlimb will measure with greater lameness. Horses    71–76.
             with existing pushoff lameness on the outside hindlimb   15.  Buchner HHF, Kübber P, Zohmann E, et al. Sedation and antise­
             (ipsilateral to the posting forelimb) will measure with   dation as tools in equine lameness examination. Equine  Vet J
                                                                    Suppl 1999;30:227–230.
             lesser lameness or the existing pushoff lameness will be   16.  Buchner HHF, Obermüller S, Scheidl M. Body centre of mass
             completely masked. The effect of posting on lameness   movement in the sound horse. Vet J 2000;160:225–234.
             will be additive to the effect of direction of movement   17.  Crevier‐Denoix N, Munoz‐Nates F, Camus M, et al. Comparison
             and to surfaces characteristics, which can be significant   of peak vertical force and vertical impulse in the inside and outside
                                                                    hind limbs in horses circling on a soft surface, at trot and canter.
             when riding in small circles. Lameness Locator® AIDES,   Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng 2017;20(supp1):51–51.
             taking into consideration both direction of movement,   doi: 10.1080/10255842.2017.1382856.
             surface characteristics, and rider activity, remind the user   18.  Donnell JR, Frisbie DD, Keng MR, et al. Comparison of subjective
             about these artifactual effects.  Amount of  artifactual   lameness evaluation, force platforms and an inertial sensor system
                                                                    to identify mild lameness in an equine osteoarthritis model. Vet J
             effect will depend on amplitude of rider posting, which,   2015;206:136–142.
             depending on the individual rider, may differ when  riding   19.  Drevemo S, Johnston C, Roepstorff L, et  al. Nerve block and
             in opposite directions. The combination of artifactual   intra‐articular anesthesia of the forelimb in the sound horse.
             effects from direction of movement, surface characteris­  Equine Vet J Suppl 1999;30:266–269.
             tics, and rider activity complicates lameness evaluation   20.  Eliashar E, McGuigan MP, Wilson AM. Relationship of foot con­
                                                                    formation and force applied to the navicular bone of sound horses
             under saddle. However, similar to evaluation of lameness   at the trot. Equine Vet J 2004;36:431–435.
             while lunging, when lameness is consistently measured   21.  Fiske‐Jacksonn A. Objective lameness assessment: can it really tell
             during in‐hand straight‐line evaluation, under‐saddle   us anything different? Livestock 2015;20:173–178.
             evaluation with the rider sitting the trot uncommonly   22.  Fuller CJ, Bladon BM, Driver AJ, et al. The intra‐ and inter‐asses­
                                                                    sor reliability of measurement of functional outcome by lameness
             brings out a lameness in a different limb entirely, and for   scoring in horses. Vet J 2006;171:281–286.
             lameness measured with the rider sitting the trot, evalu­  23.  Gingerich DA, Auer JA, Fackelman GE. Force plate studies on the
             ation for lameness with the rider posting uncommonly   effect of exogenous hyaluronic acid on joint function in equine
                                                                    arthritis. J Vet Pharmacol Therap 1979;2:291–298.
             brings out non‐artifactual lameness in a different limb.   24.  Hammarberg M, Egenvall A, Pfau T, et  al. Rater agreement of
             Nevertheless, especially when lameness is not consist­  visual lameness assessment in horses during lungeing. Equine Vet
             ently measurable in hand, evaluation of lameness under   J 2016;48:78–92.
             saddle is a valuable technique to assess some lameness   25.  Hewetson M, Christley RM, Hunt ID, et al. Investigations of the
             conditions in certain situations.                      reliability of observational gait analysis for the assessment of
                                                                    lameness in horses. Vet Rec 2006;158:852–857.
                                                                 26.  Hu HH, MacAllister CG, Payton ME, et  al. Evaluation of the
                                                                    analgesic effects of phenylbutazone administered at a high and
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