Page 941 - Adams and Stashak's Lameness in Horses, 7th Edition

Principles of Therapy for Lameness 907

pain and function. A study using an experimental syn- Many plants, parts of plants, or plant‐derived substances
7,9
ovitis model in horses demonstrated anti‐inflammatory have anecdotally been suggested to have antioxidant
VetBooks.ir lagen hydrolysate. There are no published reports on study demonstrating that a polyherbal formulation was
properties (lower PGE compared with controls) of col-
and/or anti‐inflammatory properties, with one in vitro
161
2
150
the safety, absorption, metabolism, or clinical use of CH
a significant source of antioxidants. Some pharma-
18
in the horse. ceuticals have “natural” plants as one or more of their
Another collagen product that has been used as a components. Although some of these may have clinical
nutraceutical is glycosylated undenatured type‐II colla- merit, there are numerous products available, and none
gen. A study using this product in horses diagnosed with have been proven effective in the horse. 161
moderate OA revealed a significant reduction in arthritic
pain. This product was determined to be twice as effective
compared with a glucosamine plus chondroitin formula-
tion used in the same study. Results and conclusions of References
this study have to be considered with caution because the 1. Adebowale A, Cox D, Liang Z, et al. Analysis of glucosamine and
improvement was based on the response to flexion. 53 chondroitin sulfate content in marketed products and the caco‐2
permeability of chondroitin sulfate raw materials. J Am Nutraceut
Assoc 2000;3:37–44.
Resveratrol 2. Baccarin RYA, Machado TSL, Lopes‐Moraes AP, et al. Urinary
glycosaminoglycans in horse osteoarthritis. Effects of chondroitin
Resveratrol is a non‐flavonoid, polyphenolic com- sulfate and glucosamine. Res Vet Sci 2012;93:88–96.
pound found in some fruits (such as grapes) and plants. 3. Back W, MacAllister CG, van Heel MC, et al. The use of force
It has been shown to decrease interleukin‐1 synthesis via plate measurements to titrate the dosage of a new cox‐2 inhibitor
in lame horses. Equine Vet J 2009;41:309–312.
inhibition of nuclear factor‐κB, downregulating COX‐2 4. Baggot JD. Bioavailability and bioequivalence of veterinary drug
pathways, and scavenging of reactive oxygen species. dosage forms, with particular reference to horses: an overview. J
156
Cartilage does not have any blood vessels incorporated Vet Pharmacol Ther 1992;15:160–173.
within it, and as such chondrocyte activity can be quite 5. Barton MH, Paske E, Norton N, et al. Efficacy of ciclo‐oxygenase
susceptible to low oxygen and pH levels. These levels inhibition by two commercially available firocoxib products in
horses. Equine Vet J 2014;46:72–75.
can be further reduced in the face of OA due to mechani- 6. Bassleer C, Rovati L, Franchimont P. Stimulation of proteoglycan
cal stress, inflammatory mediators, and enzymatic activ- production by glucosamine sulfate in chondrocytes isolated from
ity causing chondrocytes to produce reactive oxygen human osteoarthritic articular cartilage in vitro. Osteoarthritis
Cartilage 1998;6:427–434.
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species. Resveratrol has been shown in experimental 7. Bello AE, Oesser S. Collagen hydrolysate for the treatment of
models of OA to protect cartilage due to balancing the osteoarthritis and other joint disorders: a review of the literature.
oxidation–reduction (redox) reactions. 41,155 In an equine Curr Med Res Opin 2006;22:2221–2232.
in vitro study, resveratrol partially restored mitochon- 8. Beluche LA, Bertone AL, Anderson DE, et al. Effects of oral
drial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species administration of phenylbutazone to horses on in vitro articular
cartilage metabolism. Am J Vet Res 2001;62:1916–1921.
levels resulting in prevention of GAG release and cell 9. Benito‐Ruiz P, Camacho‐Zambrano MM, Carrillo‐Arcentales JN,
death of cultured chondrocytes. Promise has been et al. A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy and safety of a
22
shown for use in lameness. Watts et al. performed a ran- food ingredient, collagen hydrolysate, for improving joint com-
fort. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2009;60(Suppl 2):99–113.
domized, blinded, placebo‐controlled clinical trial, 10. Beretta C, Garavaglia G, Cavalli M. COX‐1 and COX‐2 inhibi-
where resveratrol was given to horses for 4 months after tion in horse blood by phenylbutazone, flunixin, carprofen and
having their distal tarsal joints injected with corticoster- meloxicam: an in vitro analysis. Pharm Res 2005;52:302–306.
oids. A significantly greater percentage of riders 11. Bergin BJ, Pierce SW, Bramlage LR, et al. Oral hyaluronan gel
156
reported that their horse’s performance was better in the reduces postoperative tarsocrural effusion in the yearling
Thoroughbred. Equine Vet J 2006;38:375–378.
resveratrol group at 2 (95% versus 70%) and 4 (86% 12. Boothe DM. Balancing fact and fiction of novel ingredients: defi-
versus 50%) months compared with placebo. This was nitions, regulations and evaluation. Vet Clin North Am Small
backed up by an objective inertial lameness exam, but Anim Pract 2004;34:7–38.
not subjective lameness exam at 4 months. 156 13. Boumediene K, Felisaz N, Bogdanowicz P, et al. Avocado/soya
unsaponifiables enhance the expression of transforming growth
factor beta‐1 and beta‐2 in cultured articular chondrocytes.
Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:148–156.
Vitamins, Minerals, Trace Elements, and Herbs 14. Byron CR, Benson BM, Stewart AA, et al. Effects of methylpred-
Many equine nutraceuticals contain vitamins, miner- nisolone acetate and glucosamine on proteoglycan production by
equine chondrocytes in vitro. Am J Vet Res 2008;69:1123–1128.
als, trace elements, and herbal ingredients in an attempt 15. Calder PC. Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation
to supply elements that are necessary for the mainte- and immunity. World Rev Nutr Diet 2001;88:109–116.
nance of normal cartilage metabolism as well as provide 16. Cambridge H, Lees P, Hooke RE, et al. Antithrombotic actions of
protection against reactive oxygen species. 142 aspirin in the horse. Equine Vet J 1991;23:123–127.
Vitamin C has been shown to stimulate collagen and 17. Caron JP, Peters TL, Hauptman JG, et al. Serum concentrations of
keratan sulfate, osteocalcin, and pyridinoline crosslinks after oral
127
aggrecan synthesis. In addition, vitamin C is a free‐ administration of glucosamine to Standardbred horses during
radical scavenger that potentially provides anti‐arthritic race training. Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1106–1110.
effects by protecting chondrocytes from damage by 18. Cecchini S, Paciolla M, Caputo AR, et al. Antioxidant potential of
prooxidants. α‐Tocopherol (vitamin E) may have anti‐ the polyherbal formulation “ImmuPlus”: a nutritional supple-
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ment for horses. Vet Med Int 2014. doi: 10.1155/2014/434239.
inflammatory effects in the joint, in part by protecting 19. Chan PS, Caron JP, Rossa GJ, et al. Glucosamine and chondroitin
chondrocytes from damage by reactive oxygen species. sulfate regulate gene expression and synthesis of nitric oxide and
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In addition, vitamin E can enhance chondrocyte growth prostaglandin E(2) in articular cartilage explants. Osteoarthritis
and increase the synthesis of proteoglycan. Beta‐carotene Cartilage 2005;13:387–394.
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(provitamin A), selenium, zinc, manganese, niacinamide, 20. Chay S, Wood WE, Nugent T, et al. The pharmacology of non-
steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in the horse: flunixin meglu-
and bioflavonoids all have potential antioxidant effects. mine (Benamine®). Equine Pract 1982;4:16–23.
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