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Principles of Therapy for Lameness 943

no significant difference between application of hori- 3. Akyol Y, Durmus D, Alayli G, et al. Does short‐wave diathermy
zontal versus vertical vibration on jumping force. 12 increase the effectiveness of isokinetic exercise on pain, function, knee
muscle strength, quality of life, and depression in the patients with
VetBooks.ir Evidence in Horses 4. Alayat MSM, Atya AM, Ali MME, et al. Long‐term effect of high‐
knee osteoarthritis? Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2010;46:325–336.
intensity laser therapy in the treatment of patients with chronic
A translational comparison within the human litera- low back pain: a randomized blinded placebo‐controlled trial.
Lasers Med Sci 2014;29:1065–1073.
ture to the horse becomes very difficult as a number of 5. Alayat MSM, Mohamed AA, Helal OF, et al. Efficacy of high‐
different WBV platforms are commercially available. intensity laser therapy in the treatment of chronic neck pain: a
Anecdotally, WBV has been applied to horses with various randomized double‐blind placebo‐control trial. Lasers Med Sci
claims of effectiveness. Acute hematologic and clinical 2016;31:687–694.
effects of horses undergoing alternating horizontal and 6. Algafly AA, George KP. The effect of cryotherapy on nerve con-
vertical vibration therapy have been recently described, duction velocity, pain threshold and pain tolerance, Br J Sports
Med 2007;41:365–369.
noting no adverse effects following vibration sessions 7. Alizadeh‐Meghrazi M, Masani K, Popovic MR, et al. Whole‐body
exposed to a frequency of 15–21 Hz. 22,68 Within the reha- vibration during passive standing in individuals with spinal cord
bilitative setting, there has been recent interest in the injury: effects of plate choice, frequency, amplitude, and subject’s
effects of prolonged vibration therapy on the cross‐sec- posture on vibration propogation. Am Acad Phys Med Rehabil
2012;4:963–975.
tional area and symmetry of the multifidus muscle. A sig- 8. Alvarez CBG, Wennerstrand J, Bobbert MF, et al. The effect of
nificant increase in multifidus muscle cross‐sectional size induced forelimb lameness on thoracolumbar kinematics during
and symmetry was found following 60 days of twice daily, treadmill locomotion. Equine Vet J 2007;39:197–201.
30 minute, 40 Hz vertical WBV sessions. Known for its 9. Androjna C, Fort B, Zborowski M, et al. Pulsed electromagnetic
field treatment enhances healing callus biomechanical properties
role in spinal stabilization and postural muscle acuity, in an animal model of osteoporotic fracture. Bioelectromagnetics
development of the multifidus muscle is thought to have 2014;35:396–405.
potential as an osteoarthritis deterrent. Only one study 10. Babbage CS, Coppieters MW, McGowan CM. Strain and excur-
85
has been conducted in the horse evaluating the effects of sion of the sciatic nerve in the dog: biomechanical considerations
in the development of a clinical test for increased neural mechano
vibration therapy on bone density in stalled patients. sensitivity. Vet J 2007;174:330–336.
Twelve horses were confined to stalls for 60 days with half 11. Back W, Clayton HM. Equine Locomotion, 2nd ed. WB Saunders,
the group exercised daily on a mechanical walker, and the Philadelphia, 2010.
others underwent vertical WBV therapy at 50 Hz for 12. Bagheri J, van den Berg‐Emons RJ, Pel JJ, et al. Acute effects of
whole‐body vibration on jump force and jump rate of force devel-
45 minutes, 5 days a week. Whole body vibration therapy opment: a comparative study of different devices. J Strength Cond
in stalled horses maintained the same bone mineral con- Res 2012;26:691–696.
tent to that of horses that received daily light exercise and 13. Baroni BM, Rodrigues R, Freire BB, et al. Effect of low‐level laser
therefore should be considered for horses restricted to stall therapy on muscle adaptation to knee extensor eccentric training.
Eur J Appl Physiol 2015;115:639–647.
rest only. However, to date no direct comparison studies 14. Barr ED, Pinchbeck PD, Clegg PD, et al. Post mortem evaluation
85
on vibration direction, frequency, duration, or magnitude of palmar osteochondral disease (traumatic osteochondrosis) of
in the horse have been conducted. the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint in Thoroughbred race-
horses. Equine Vet J 2009;41:366–371.
15. Baxter DG, McDonough SM. Principles of electrotherapy in vet-
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CONCLUSION Treatment, and Rehabilitation of Animals. McGowan C, Goff L,
Stubbs N, eds. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, 2007;177–186.
Although there is currently relatively limited scientific 16. Bleakley CM, Costello JT. Do thermal agents affect range of
evidence regarding rehabilitation strategies and PT in movement and mechanical properties in soft tissues? A systematic
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ing. Research and documented clinical experiences 17. BlueCross Blue Shield of Alabama. Low‐level laser and high‐
power laser therapies. Proprietary Information Blue Cross Blue
are still needed to complement the adaptation of the Shield Alabama 2018;270:1–32.
scientific‐based principles presented in this section. 18. Boyling JD, Jull GA. Grieve’s Modern Manuel Therapy: The
Nevertheless, it is the author’s opinion and clinical experi- Vertebral Column, 3rd ed. Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier,
ence that rehabilitation/PT strategies can be successfully Philadelphia, 2004.
incorporated in conjunction with traditional veterinary 19. Brosseau L, Rahman P, Toupin‐April K, et al. A systematic critical
appraisal for non‐pharmacological management of osteoarthritis
medicine. A team approach with the necessary clinical using the appraisal of guidelines research and evaluation II instru-
reasoning skills is vital in choosing the appropriate reha- ment. PLoS One 2014;9:e82986.
bilitation strategy and PT technique and monitoring the 20. Burgess LC, Immins T, Swain I, et al. Effectiveness of neuromuscu-
patient’s progress. Constant reassessment and, where pos- lar electrical stimulation for reducing oedema: a systematic review.
J Rehabil Med 2019;51:1–7.
sible, objective measures to validate the outcome of the 21. Burns G, Dart A, Jeffcott L. Clinical progress in the diagnosis of
interventions are indicated for successful treatment strat- thoracolumbar problems in horses. Equine Vet Educ 2018;30:
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22. Carstanjen B, Balali M, Gajewski Z, et al. Short‐term whole body
vibration exercise in adult healthy horses. Pol J Vet Sci 2013;16:
403–405.
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