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The Integument / 281
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Figure 14-6. The feet of artiodactyls, solar view.
Bovine Porcine
Dewclaw
Bulb
Sole
Abaxial
hoof wall
Axial
hoof wall
Figure 14-7. Solar view of the feet of the ox (left) and the pig (right). The accessory digits (dewclaws)
of the pig are well developed relative to those of the ox. The bulb of the porcine hoof also makes up a
larger portion of the bottom of the foot. Surfaces adjacent to the midline are described as axial, whereas
those toward the outside of the hoof are abaxial.
considerable proportion of the animal’s hoof but harder than the bulbs of other
weight. In contrast, the equine hoof fea- ungulates (Figs. 14‐6 and 14‐7).
tures a keratinized V‐shaped frog, which is The equine hoof is a highly specialized
more flexible than the adjacent sole of the structure and was covered in depth in
