Page 89 - Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, 8th Edition

74 / Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals

Table 4-1. Bony Features
VetBooks.ir Articular Projections Example

Head Spherical articular projection Head of femur
Condyle Approximately cylindrical Medial and lateral femoral
articular mass condyles
Trochlea Pulley‐like articular mass Trochlea of distal humerus
Facet Relatively flat articular surface Articular facets between carpal
bones
Nonarticular Projections
Process General term for bony Spinous process or transverse
projection process of vertebra
Tuberosity (tuber) Relatively large nonarticular Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
projection and tuber sacrale of pelvis
Tubercle (tuberculum) Smaller projection Greater and lesser tubercles of
humerus
Spine Pointed projection or ridge Nasal spine of palatine bone and
spine of scapula
Crest Sharp ridge Median sacral crest
Neck Part of bone to which a head Femoral neck
is attached
Line (linea) Small ridge or mark on bone Gluteal lines of ilium
Articular Depressions
Fovea Small depression (may be Fovea capitis on head of femur
articular or not)
Glenoid Cavity Shallow articular concavity Glenoid cavity of scapula
Notch Indentation (may be articular Semilunar notch of ulna and alar
or not) notch of atlas
Nonarticular Depressions
Fossa Large nonarticular depression Supraspinous fossa of scapula
Foramen Circumscribed hole in bone Foramen magnum at base of skull
Canal Tunnel through one or more Vertebral canal through length of
bones vertebral column

thoracic limb) and tarsus (hock), where seed (at least in human beings), although
in addition to absorbing shock, their artic- many sesamoid bones of domestic animals
ular facets accommodate a variety of have decidedly un‐seedlike shapes and
movements. sizes. Sesamoid bones develop within
Flat bones are relatively thin and tendons where they increase leverage and
expanded in two dimensions. Flat bones protect the tendon against forces exerted
function chiefly for protection of vital with a change in the direction of muscle
organs such as the brain (skull), the heart pull. The patella (kneecap) is the largest
and lungs (scapulae and ribs), and the pel- sesamoid bone in the body.
vic viscera (pelvis), but many, notably the Pneumatic bones contain air spaces or
scapulae and pelvis, provide large areas for sinuses that communicate with the atmos-
attachment of muscles. phere. The frontal bones and maxillary
Sesamoid bones are so called because bones of the skull are examples of this type
of their fancied resemblance to a sesame of bone among mammals. Many avian