Page 94 - Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, 8th Edition

The Skeletal System / 79

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Stylohyoid bone

Ceratohyoid bone

Thyrohyoid bone
Lingual process
Basihyoid bone

Figure 4-7. Equine hyoid apparatus. The stylohyoid bones articulate with the styloid processes of the
skull, and the thyrohyoid bones articulate with the larynx. The lingual process extends into the base of the
tongue and affords an attachment site for some lingual muscles; it is large in horses, smaller in ruminants.

Table 4-3. Vertebral Formulas of Common Domestic Animals and Humans

Species Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Caudal
Horse 7 18 6 5 15–20
Ox 7 13 6 5 18–20
Sheep 7 13 6–7 4 16–18
Goat 7 13 7 4 12
Hog 7 14–15 6–7 4 20–23
Dog 7 13 7 3 20–23
Chicken 14 7 14 (lumbosacral) 6
Human 7 12 5 5 4

Vertebral Column The vertebral formula for a given species
consists of the letter symbol for each region
The vertebral column is composed of median followed by the number of vertebrae in
unpaired irregular bones called vertebrae. that region in that species. Vertebral for-
The following letters are typically used to des- mulae of common domestic animals and
ignate the respective vertebral regions: humans are shown in Table 4‐3. There is
considerable variation in the appearance of
C Cervical: neck individual vertebrae, but the parts of a
T Thoracic: chest typical vertebra include the body, the arch,
L Lumbar: loin and the processes (Fig. 4‐8).
S Sacral: pelvic region (fused vertebrae) The body is a cylindrical mass forming
Cd Caudal: tail the ventral part of the vertebra and floor of