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Newcastle Disease Virus | 63

100 NDV/guinea fowl/Mali/ML038/07/2007 (JF966389.1) XVIII
89 NDV/chicken/Nigeria/NIE10-171/2011 (HF969217.1)
NDV/chicken/Nigeria/228-7/2006 (KF442614.1) XVII
86
100 NDV/chicken/Ivory Coast/CIV08-104/2007 (HF969185.1)
NDV/turkey/Nigeria/NIE10-082/2011 (HF969167.1)
61 XIV
100 NDV/chicken/Benin/463MT/2009 (JX546245.1)
NDV/chicken/India/Bareilly/01/2010 (KJ577585.1)
66 XIII
95 NDV/chicken/Pakistan/SPVC/Karachi/43/2008 (GU182323.1)
NDV/chicken/Colombia/1326-13286/2009 (KJ865696.1)
88 XII
100 NDV/peacock/Peru/2011 (KR732614.1)
89 NDV/chicken/Banjarmasin/010/2010 (HQ697254.1) VII
100 NDV/goose/China/ZJ1/2000 (AF431744.3)
NDV/pigeon/New York/12339/1998 (JN872182.1) VI
33
100 NDV/pigeon/Italy/14VIR8258-2/2014 (KU377537.1)
98 NDV/chicken/Mexico/Queretaro/452/1947 (JX915243.1) XVI
NDV/chicken/Dominican Republic/28138-4/1986 (JX915242.1)
82
61 NDV/chicken/China/QH4/1985 (FJ751919.1) VIII
92 NDV/chicken/Malaysia/AF2240/1960 (AF048763.1)
NDV/gamefowl/Mexico/DF/619/2008 (KC808509.1) V
Class II 100 NDV/cormorant/USA(NV)/19529-04(USGS)/2005 (GQ288386.2)
100 NDV/chicken/Madagascar/MG/725/2008 (HQ266602.1) XI
82 NDV/chicken/Madagascar/MGF015C/2011 (JX518877.1)
NDV/Italy/Italien/1944 (EU293914.1) IV
100 NDV/fowl/UK/Herts/1933 (AY741404.1)
100 NDV/chicken/China/JS/1/1997 (FJ436305.1) IX
85 77 NDV/chicken/China/F48E9/1948 (AY508514.1)
NDV/mallard/China/HLJ383/2006 (FJ480786.1) III
100 NDV/goose/China/JS/09/2005 (FJ430160.1)
88 99 NDV/chicken/Australia/I-2progenitor/2005 (AY935500.1) I
NDV/chicken/Northern Ireland/Ulster/1967 (AY562991.1)
98 100 NDV/turkey/USA(MN)/17531-3/2010 (JN872171.1) X
NDV/northern pintail/USA(OH)/87-486/1987 (GQ288378.1)
96 NDV/chicken/USA/LaSota/1946 (JF950510.1) II
100 NDV/chicken/USA(TX)/GB/1948 (GU978777.1)
Class I NDV/duck/China/J17/2013 (AB858995.1) 1
100 NDV/northern pintail/USA(AK)/196/1998 (EF612277.1)

0.05

Figure 2.9 Phylogenetic tree illustrating relationship among Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains belonging to different genotypes
based on complete coding sequences of the fusion protein. Shown are class I and class II (genotypes I–XVIII) of NDV inferred using the
Neighbour-Joining method (Saitou and Nei, 1987) in MEGA7 (Kumar et al., 2016). Parameters include: pairwise deletion, 1000 replicates for
bootstrap analysis and Kimura 2-parameter substitution model (Felsenstein, 1985; Kimura, 1980).

become a tool for studying the epizootiology of NDV and pro- same species or to other avian species (Ramey et al., 2013).
vide a fast method for classification of NDV strains. However, The genetic diversity of NDV strains that circulate in the wild
genotyping may not always correlate with antigenic analysis of bird populations is extensive and continually evolving (Kim et
NDV strains. Two NDV strains from different genotypes can be al., 2007a; Lindh et al., 2012; Snoeck et al., 2013; Cappelle et
more closely related antigenically than two NDV strains belong- al., 2015). Both low virulence and high virulent NDV strains
ing to the same genotype. circulate concurrently in wild bird populations, but most of the
viruses found in wild birds have been of low virulence. Wild
water fowl and shore birds harbour mostly low virulence viruses;
NDV infections in wild birds whereas cormorants, pigeons and doves harbour mostly virulent
Almost all species of wild birds are susceptible to NDV infection viruses. The pathogenicity of an NDV strain isolated from a wild
(Kaleta and Baldauf, 1988). Wild birds play an important role bird may vary greatly in different avian species. For example,
in the epizootiology of NDV. They can carry the virus between ducks and other water birds are sometimes infected with NDV
continents and between hemispheres and transmit within the strains that are virulent for chickens, but they themselves do