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28 Pericardial Disease 285

the pattern. Right atrial pressure traces are characterized resolve clinical signs. If the epicardium is involved, epi-
VetBooks.ir by a prominent Y descent. Right ventricular pressure cardial stripping is more difficult and associated with
important complications.
traces have a characteristic dip and plateau (square root
sign) with elevated end‐diastolic pressure.
Prognosis
Therapy
Prognosis is poor without surgical management and
Surgical management with subtotal pericardiectomy to associated with an increased rate of complications with
remove the fibrotic pericardium is generally required to epicardial involvement.

Further Reading

Burns CG, Bergh MS, McLoughlin MA. Surgical and examinations for the detection of pericardial effusion in
nonsurgical treatment of peritoneopericardial 24 dogs (2011‐2012). J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2016; 26(1):
diaphragmatic hernia in dogs and cats: 58 cases 125–31.
(1999‐2008). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242(5): 643–50. MacDonald K. Pericardial diseases. In: Ettinger SJ,
Davidson BJ, Paling AC, Lahmers SL, Nelson OL. Disease Feldman EC, Cote E, ed. Textbook of Veterinary Internal
association and clinical assessment of feline pericardial Medicine, 8th edn. St Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier,
effusion. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2008; 44(1): 5–9. 2017, pp. 1305–15.
Hall DJ, Shofer F, Meier CK, Sleeper MM. Pericardial MacDonald KA, Cagney O, Magne ML. Echocardiographic
effusion in cats: a retrospective study of clinical and clinicopathologic characterization of pericardial
findings and outcome in 146 cats. J Vet Intern Med effusion in dogs: 107 cases (1985–2006). J Am Vet Med
2007; 21(5): 1002–7. Assoc 2009; 235(12): 1456–61.
Lisciandro GR. The use of the diaphragmatico‐hepatic Ware WA. Pericardial diseases and cardiac tumors. In:
(DH) views of the abdominal and thoracic focused Cardiovascular Disease in Small Animal Medicine.
assessment with sonography for triage (AFAST/TFAST) London: Manson Publishing, 2011, pp. 320–37.