Page 123 - Small Animal Clinical Nutrition 5th Edition

124 Small Animal Clinical Nutrition

Table 6-3. Summary of names, functions and clinical syndromes associated with deficiency and toxicity of vitamins.
VetBooks.ir Vitamin Function Deficiency Toxicity

Cervical spondylosis (cats), tooth loss
Anorexia, retarded growth, poor coat,
Component of visual proteins,
Vitamin A
(rhodopsin, iodopsin), differentiation
erythema, long-bone fractures
increased CSF pressure,
of epithelial cells, spermatogenesis, weakness, xerophthalmia, nyctalopia, (cats), retarded growth, anorexia,
immune function, bone resorption aspermatogenesis, fetal resorption
Vitamin D Calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, Rickets, enlarged costochondral Hypercalcemia, calcinosis, anorexia,
bone mineralization, bone resorption, junctions, osteomalacia, osteoporosis lameness
insulin synthesis, immune function
Vitamin E Biologic antioxidant, membrane Sterility (males), steatitis, dermatosis, Minimally toxic. Fat-soluble vitamin
integrity through free radical scavenging immunodeficiency, anorexia, myopathy antagonism, increased clotting time
(reversed with vitamin K)
Vitamin K Carboxylation of clotting proteins II Prolonged clotting time, Minimally toxic. Anemia (dogs)
(prothrombin), VII, IX, X and other hypoprothrombinemia, hemorrhage
proteins, cofactor of the bone protein
osteocalcin
Thiamin (B ) Component of thiamin pyrophosphate Anorexia, weight loss, ataxia, Decreased blood pressure,
1
(TPP), cofactor in decarboxylase polyneuritis, ventriflexion (cats), bradycardia, respiratory arrhythmia
enzyme reactions in the TCA cycle, paresis (dogs), cardiac hypertrophy
nervous system (dogs), bradycardia
Riboflavin (B ) Component of flavin adenine Retarded growth, ataxia, collapse Minimally toxic
2
dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin syndrome (dogs), dermatitis, purulent
mononucleotide (FMN) coenzymes, ocular discharge, vomition,
electron transport in oxidase and conjunctivitis, coma, corneal
dehydrogenase enzymes vascularization, bradycardia,
fatty liver (cats)
Niacin Component of nicotinamide-adenine Anorexia, diarrhea, retarded growth, Low toxicity. Bloody feces,
dinucleotide (NAD) and adenine ulceration of soft palate and buccal convulsions
dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) mucosa, necrosis of the tongue (dogs),
coenzymes, hydrogen donor/ reddened ulcerated tongue (cats),
acceptor in energy-releasing cheilosis, uncontrolled drooling
dehydrogenase reactions
Pyridoxine (B ) Coenzyme in amino acid reactions Anorexia, retarded growth, weight loss, Low toxicity. Anorexia, ataxia (dogs)
6
(transaminases and decarboxylases), microcytic hypochromic anemia,
neurotransmitter synthesis, niacin convulsions, renal tubular atrophy,
synthesis from tryptophan, heme calcium oxalate crystalluria
synthesis, taurine synthesis,
carnitine synthesis
Pantothenic acid Precursor to coenzyme A (CoA), Emaciation, fatty liver, depressed No toxicity established in dogs
protein, fat and carbohydrate growth, decreased serum cholesterol and cats
metabolism in the TCA cycle, and total lipids, tachycardia, coma,
cholesterol synthesis, triglyceride lowered antibody response
synthesis
Folic acid (folate) Methionine synthesis from Anorexia, weight loss, glossitis, Nontoxic
homocysteine (vitamin B 12 leukopenia, hypochromic anemia,
dependent), purine synthesis, increased clotting time, elevated
DNA synthesis plasma iron, megaloblastic anemia
(cats), sulfa drugs interfere with gut
synthesis, cancer drugs (methotrexate)
are antagonistic
Biotin Component of four carboxylase Hyperkeratosis, alopecia (cats), dry No toxicity established in dogs
enzymes: pyruvate carboxylase, secretions around eyes, nose and and cats
acetyl-CoA carboxylase, mouth (cats), hypersalivation,
propionyl-CoA carboxylase and anorexia, bloody diarrhea
3-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase
Cobalamin (B 12 ) Coenzyme functions in propionate Cessation of growth (cats), Altered reflexes (reduction in vascular
metabolism, aids tetrahydrofolate- methylmalonic aciduria, anemia conditioned reflexes and an
containing enzymes in methionine exaggeration of unconditioned
synthesis, leucine synthesis/degradation reflexes)
Vitamin C Cofactor in hydroxylase enzyme Liver synthesis precludes dietary No toxicity established in dogs
reactions, synthesis of collagen requirement, no signs of deficiency and cats
proteins, synthesis of L-carnitine, have been described in normal
enhances iron absorption, free radical cats and dogs
scavenging, antioxidant/pro-oxidant
functionality
Choline Component of phosphatidylcholine Fatty liver (puppies), increased blood None described for cats and dogs
found in membranes, neurotransmitter prothrombin times, thymic atrophy,
acetylcholine, methyl group donor decreased growth rate, anorexia,
perilobular infiltration of the liver (cats)
L-carnitine* Transport long-chain fatty acids into Hyperlipidemia, cardiomyopathy, None described for cats and dogs
the mitochondria for use in β-oxidation muscle asthenia
*L-carnitine is a vitamin-like substance.