Page 215 - Small Animal Clinical Nutrition 5th Edition

Making Pet Foods at Home 217

VetBooks.ir Table 10-9. Nutrient profiles of cooked grains and vegetables for homemade foods. Dietary fiber** Fat**
Protein**
Calories*
Sugar**/***
Total carbohydrate**
Cereal
Corn
9.0
6.1
68
Chickpeas 352 81 12.2 22.0 12.3 4.3
3.0
412
6.5
Barley 388 85 2.0 10.6 20 3.2
Peas 383 72 19.5 24.6 25.9 2.0
Potato 374 87 2.0 7.4 6.5 <1.0
Rice, brown 411 85 1.5 9.6 6.3 3.3
Rice, white 406 87 <1.0 8.4 1.6 <1.0
Rice, instant 408 88 1.4 8.6 3.3 <1.0
Soybean 467 27 8.1 44.9 17.0 24.3
Wheat (pasta) 422 80 <1.0 16.7 6.5 3.2
*Expressed on a kcal/100 g dry matter.
**Expressed on a percent dry matter basis.
***Readily available sugars (e.g., mono- and disaccharides).
recipe recommended 75 g of rice, and the owner would like to
use pumpkin instead of rice, 200 g of pumpkin will Box 10-2. Effect of Meat Substitutions
be needed to supply the same amount (15 g) of carbohydrate as on Fat and Energy Levels in Homemade
75 g of rice (Table 10-10). As fed weights of foods Recipes.
can be found at the USDA National Nutrient Database
(www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search).
The fat content of the animal protein source in homemade pet
Several methods can be used to formulate homemade foods.
food recipes can greatly affect the energy density of the food. In
Veterinary nutritionists in North America commonly use
general, animal protein sources such as fish, beef, turkey, chick-
nutrition software programs such as those listed in Chapter 1.
en and mutton or lamb have similar protein and amino acid con-
Most practicing veterinarians in North America either contact
tents (Table 1). As a result, they can usually be substituted for
a veterinary nutritionist directly or use one of these software one another on an as fed basis in most typical homemade food
programs. A third method is to hand calculate the formulation recipes. On the other hand, the fat content and therefore the
using these steps: 1) determine the ingredients to be used from energy density can increase greatly depending on whether the
each food category (Table 10-10) and 2) determine the appro- cut of meat is regular (typical), lean or extra lean (Table 2). See
priate amount of each ingredient that will supply the needed Table 10-10 for more information about ingredient substitu-
amount of nutrient for the dog or cat. Each ingredient supplies tions.
more than just one nutrient (e.g., rice supplies carbohydrates
Table 1. Protein and energy content of interchangeable protein
and some protein). However, this simplified method of formu-
sources for a homemade cat food recipe (as fed).
lating a homemade food minimizes nutrient deficiencies by
providing overlapping sources of nutrients. Protein/energy Lean beef Chicken Tuna
Protein 28 28 29
Nutritionally Adequate Recipes kcal ME/g 4.5 4.4 4.4
Tables 10-7 and 10-8 are homemade food recipes for healthy kJ ME/g 18.7 18.5 18.2
adult dogs and cats, respectively. These recipes should be con-
Table 2. Protein, fat and energy density of ground beef (30 g)
sidered all-purpose foods. It should be noted that all-purpose
with varying fat levels (as fed).
foods do not provide the ideal nutrient profile for most dogs
and cats. All-purpose foods, however, provide excess nutrients Protein/ Extra lean Lean Regular
to adult and older cats and dogs (Chapters 13, 14, 20 and 21). fat/energy (>90%) (>80%) (<80%)
There are also homemade food recipes for clinical patients. Protein (g) 7 7 7
Fat (g) 3 5 8
Table 10-2 contains recipes for reduced protein/low-phospho-
Energy (kcal) 55 73 100
rus foods for dogs and cats with kidney disease.Table 10-3 con-
Energy (kJ) 230 305 418
tains recipes for low-fat/high-fiber foods for overweight dogs
and cats. Table 10-4 contains recipes for low-sodium/low-min- The Bibliography for Box 10-2 can be found at
eral foods for dogs and cats with heart disease. Table 10-5 is a www.markmorris.org.
recipe for a low-protein/low-purine food for dogs with urinary
calculi. Table 10-6 is a recipe for a low-residue food for dogs
with gastrointestinal disease. result in ineffective, or even counterproductive, nutritional
Because these foods are for clinical patients, it is imperative therapy. Furthermore, it is unlikely that these recipes will be as
that clients follow these recipes meticulously. Well-intentioned effective as commercial foods in managing clinical patients,
but ill-informed substitutions or other modifications could even when followed closely.