Page 315 - Small Animal Clinical Nutrition 5th Edition

322 Small Animal Clinical Nutrition

intensity and duration must be increased to produce further
Table 18-1. Working and sporting dog activities listed improvement. The general principle is that intensity and dura-
VetBooks.ir Exercise type Activity tion must be increased until a level of overload is reached for the
by exercise type.
Sprint systems being trained to induce adaptation. Furthermore, train-
(high-intensity physical Coursing (sight hounds) ing adaptations are specific to the type of exercise performed.
activity that can be Racing (greyhounds, whippets) Examples of training-induced changes include increased bone
sustained less than Weight pulling mass, muscle hypertrophy, increased mitochondrial density in
two minutes)
muscle and plasma volume expansion. All of these changes sup-
Intermediate port enhanced performance. Muscle hypertrophy is a well-
(physical activity lasting Agility known phenomenon. Muscle size and strength increase with
a few minutes to a Border patrol, customs
few hours) Drug detection use.Changes in content of various muscle enzymes and numbers
Exercise with people (running, of mitochondria can occur depending on the type of activity per-
bicycling) formed. Bones, ligaments and tendons also hypertrophy in
Field trials
Frisbee trials response to increasing stresses but at a slower rate than muscle.
Guarding Cardiovascular function increases to meet increased needs of
Hunting (game birds, rabbits) muscle for substrates and waste removal.Plasma volume expan-
Livestock management (cattle,
sheep, hogs) sion is a well-known result of long-term exercise training that
Military supports increased cardiac output (McKeever et al, 1985;
Police work Convertino et al, 1980). Heart rates of trained animals are
Pursuit (raccoon, coyote, fox, deer,
wild boar) lower for a given workload because of greater cardiovascular
Search and rescue efficiency.Training also influences the type and amount of sub-
Service work (guide dogs, strate that can be used to support exercise.
assistance dogs)
Tracking
Nutrition
Endurance Nutrition cannot overcome deficits in genetics and training.
(physical activity that Sled pulling (racing, expedition)
last many hours) However, matching the food and feeding methods to the type
of activity (i.e., intensity, duration and frequency) allows a
sporting or working dog to perform to its genetic potential and
level of training. The feeding goals for sporting and working
Table 18-2. Popular books about training scent-detection dogs.
dogs are to provide appropriate nutrition to optimize exercise
Pearsall MD, Verbuggen H. Scent. Training to Track, Search and and olfactory performance and long-term health.
Rescue, 1982. Alpine Publications, Inc. PO Box 7027, Loveland,
CO 80537. Because many successful working and sporting dogs rely on
Tweedie J. On the Trail! A Practical Guide to the Working both athletic and scent-detection abilities, this section of the
Bloodhound and Other Search and Rescue Dogs, 1998. Alpine chapter reviews exercise and olfactory physiology, followed by a
Publications, Inc. PO Box 7027, Loveland, CO 80537.
Syrotuck WG. Scent and the Scenting Dog, 1972. Barkleigh discussion of how to assess the nutritional needs of individual
Productions, Inc. 6 State Road #113, Mechanicsburg, PA sporting and working dogs. The key nutritional factors are
17050. developed as the basis for ensuring that the best food is select-
Johnson GR. Tracking Dog. Theory and Methods, 1975.
Barkleigh Productions, Inc. 6 State Road #113, Mechanicsburg, ed to help achieve the goals of optimizing performance and
PA 17050. long-term health.
The second section covers the feeding plan and how well the
feeding plan meets the feeding goals (reassessment). The feed-
Exercise training is simply the consistent performance of ing plan includes food selection and how the food should be fed
some type of exercise over an extended period of time. including amount, how it is offered and the timing of feeding.
Although genetics dictate the mental, anatomic and metabolic Depending on the results of the reassessment process, changes
characteristics of an individual dog, training can alter some of to the original feeding plan may be required to ensure delivery
these characteristics and enhance exercise and scent-detection of the feeding goals.
performance. Table 18-2 lists four popular books that include
methods for training scent-detection dogs.
Exercise training means subjecting a dog to a workload of CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
sufficient intensity, duration and frequency to produce a meas-
urable adaptation of the systems being trained. The types of Canids represent one of the most diverse mammalian species.
adaptations produced by training are specific; that is, physiolog- The wide range of athletic ability and types of sporting and
ic changes occur that favor the type of activity performed. To working dogs come as no surprise in light of this diversity. In
improve aerobic power, exercise intensity should be greater than regards to athleticism, at one extreme is the racing greyhound,
50% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO max) for seden- which is capable of sprinting a quarter mile in less than 26 sec-
2
tary individuals. As the level of training or fitness improves, onds and reaching maximum speeds in excess of 40 mph (64