Page 839 - Small Animal Clinical Nutrition 5th Edition

870 Small Animal Clinical Nutrition

Table 2. Urinalyses of a nine-year-old male Yorkshire terrier with radiodense 2. Is reassessment important for this patient?
urocystoliths.*
VetBooks.ir Factors** Day 1 Day 14*** Day 28 Day 60 Answers and Discussion

Specific gravity
7.5
6.5
7.5
pH 1.015 1.025 1.008 1.015 1. Dietary therapy to prevent urolith recurrence was
6.0
initiated at the time of suture removal. Dietary rec-
Protein † 1+ 1+ Trace Trace
RBC †† 100-150 8-12 0 1-3 ommendations included reducing calcium, oxalic ac-
WBC †† 12-16 2-4 1-2 0 id, protein and sodium, providing additional water
Crystals ††† None None None None and citrate and maintaining adequate phosphorus
Aerobic bacterial culture Neg Neg Neg Neg
and magnesium. A moist veterinary therapeutic food
a
Key: RBC = red blood cells, WBC = white blood cells, Neg = negative. (Prescription Diet u/d Canine ) was chosen because
*Samples collected by cystocentesis. its nutrient content matches this nutrient profile.
**Glucose, bilirubin and acetone were not detected in any specimen.
***Dietary therapy was initiated on Day 14. This food avoids excess dietary protein, oxalic acid
† Values represent semiquantitative evaluations based on a scale of 0 to 4; and calcium, and promotes formation of less concen-
urine volume was not considered. trated, alkaline urine. These dietary characteristics
†† Per high power field (x450).
††† Per low power field (x100). are helpful in preventing recurrence of calcium oxa-
late uroliths. The food was offered in two separate
meals each day (one-fourth can twice daily, total 375
Table 3. The advantages and disadvantages of medical urolith dissolution
and surgical urolith removal can be accurately assessed after the mineral kcal [1.57 MJ]). The owners were also instructed to
composition of the urolith is known or predicted. This table lists factors used avoid feeding the dog any human foods, commercial
to predict mineral composition of radiodense uroliths when no uroliths are dog treats and vitamin-mineral supplements (espe-
available for quantitative analysis vs. clinical findings in the patient described
in this case.* cially those containing vitamins C and D and calci-
um).
Factors MAP CaOx CaP Silica Cystine 2. Regular reassessment is important because calcium
Typical urinary pH No Yes Possible Yes Yes
Typical oxalate uroliths commonly recur. Results of a retro-
crystalluria Possible Possible Possible Possible Possible spective study on the recurrence rate of calcium
Typical urine oxalate uroliths in dogs indicated that the rate of
culture No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Typical recurrence increased with the length of time that
radiographic Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes dogs were evaluated: 3% recurred after three months,
density 9% after six months, 35% after one year, 42% after
Typical
radiographic Yes Yes Yes No No two years and 48% after three years.This dog should
contour be examined (i.e., urinalysis, survey abdominal radi-
Typical serum ography) at regular intervals to evaluate efficacy of
biochemistry Yes Yes Possible Yes Yes
values medical therapy and to detect uroliths while they are
Typical breed No Yes Yes No No small enough to remove with nonsurgical tech-
Typical gender No Yes Yes Yes Yes niques. This patient should also be evaluated for
Typical age No Yes Yes Yes No
hyperadrenocorticism because of the increased se-
Key: MAP = magnesium ammonium phosphate, CaOx = calcium oxalate, rum alkaline phosphatase activity. Glucocorticoid
CaP = calcium phosphate. administration and hyperadrenocorticism are associ-
*Characteristics of urate uroliths were not considered because they are typi-
cally radiolucent. ated with hypercalciuria and increase the risk for cal-
cium oxalate urolith formation.
Progress Notes
Table 2 summarizes the urinalysis results following six weeks of dietary management. Prescription Diet u/d Canine was successful
in promoting less concentrated, alkaline urine in this dog. Reassessment every three to six months was recommended to the owner.

Endnote
a. Hill’s Pet Nutrition Inc., Topeka, KS, USA.

Bibliography
Osborne CA, Lulich JP, Bartges JW, et al. Canine and feline urolithiasis: Relationship of etiopathogenesis to treatment and pre-
vention. In: Osborne CA, Finco DR, eds. Canine and Feline Nephrology and Urology. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1995;
798-888.