Page 1456 - Saunders Comprehensive Review For NCLEX-RN

subcutaneous mass.

Some rapid- and short-acting insulins can

be administered intravenously.
D. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) receptor agonists
1. Noninsulin injectable agents that are analogs of
human GLP-1 and cause the same effects as the GLP-1
incretin hormone in the body, which are to stimulate
the glucose level–dependent release of insulin, to
suppress the postprandial release of glucagon, to slow
gastric emptying, and to suppress appetite
2. Used for clients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (not
recommended for clients taking insulin, nor should
clients be taken off insulin and given a GLP-1 receptor
agonist)
3. GLP-1 receptor agonists restore the first-phase insulin
response (first 10 minutes after food ingestion), lower
the production of glucagon after meals, slow gastric
emptying (which limits the rise in blood glucose level
after a meal), reduce fasting and postprandial blood
glucose levels, and reduce caloric intake, resulting in
weight loss
4. Packaged in premeasured doses (pens) that require
refrigeration (cannot be frozen)
5. Administered as a subcutaneous injection in

the thigh, abdomen, or upper arm. Exenatide is
administered twice daily within 60 minutes before
morning and evening meals (not taken after meals); if
a dose is missed, the treatment regimen is resumed as
prescribed with the next scheduled dose. Liraglutide
is administered subcutaneously once daily without
regard to meals. Albiglutide is injected
subcutaneously once weekly.
6. Can cause mild to moderate nausea that abates with
use.
7. Because delayed gastric emptying slows the
absorption of other medications, other prescribed oral
medications should be given an hour before injection
of these medications.
E. Amylin Mimetic: Pramlintide
1. Synthetic form of amylin, a naturally occurring
hormone secreted by the pancreas

2. Used for clients with types 1 and 2 diabetes

mellitus who use insulin; administered

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