Page 658 - Saunders Comprehensive Review For NCLEX-RN

necessary for all women of childbearing age to
prevent neural tube defects and orofacial clefts in the
fetus.
7. At least 8 to 10 (8-oz) glasses of fluid are needed each
day, of which 4 to 6 glasses should be water.
8. Sodium is not restricted unless specifically prescribed
by the PHCP.
B. Vegan and Vegetarian Diets (see Chapter 11)
1. Ensure that the client eats a sufficient amount of
varied foods to meet normal nutrient and energy
needs.
2. Clients should be educated about consuming
complementary proteins over the course of each day
to ensure that all essential amino acids are provided.
3. Potential deficiencies in vegetarian diets include
energy, protein, vitamin B , zinc, iron, calcium,
12
omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D (if limited
exposure to sunlight).
4. Protein consumption can be increased by consumption
of a variety of vegetable protein sources based on
whole grains, legumes, seeds, nuts, and vegetables
combined to provide all essential amino acids.
5. To enhance absorption of iron, vegetarians should
include a good source of iron and vitamin C with
each meal.
6. Foods commonly eaten include tofu, tempeh, soy milk
and soy products, meat analogs, legumes, nuts and
seeds, sprouts, and a variety of fruits and vegetables.
C. Lactose intolerance
1. Lactose consumed by an individual with lactose
intolerance can cause abdominal distention,
discomfort, nausea, vomiting, cramps, and loose
stools.
2. Clients with lactose intolerance need to incorporate
sources of calcium other than dairy products into
their dietary patterns regularly.
3. Milk may be tolerated in cooked form, such as in
custards or fermented dairy products.
4. Cheese and yogurt sometimes are tolerated.
5. Lactase, an enzyme, may be prescribed and is taken
before ingesting milk or milk products.
6. Lactase-treated milk or lactose-free products are also
available commercially.
D. Pica
1. Pica refers to eating nonfood substances, such as dirt,
clay, starch, and freezer frost.
2. The cause is unknown; cultural values, such as beliefs
regarding the effect of a material on the mother or

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