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costs involved. If the indirect exporter or the organisation has to deal with
retailers then retailing infrastructures need to be understood.

10.5.2 Retail structures

There are different types of retailing structures and these depend on the

level of economic development in different countries. These structures
include advanced, structured, intermediary and traditional structures
(Doole and Lowe, 2008). Countries such as the US, UK and Germany

have advanced retailing structures to include the use of marketing,
electronic data interchange, Electronic Point of Sales (EPOS) and just-in-

time distribution. Other countries such as Japan have extremely
complicated and fragmented structures and traditional relationships based

on local connections between distributors, wholesalers and retailers (i.e.
many different levels). This is a non-tariff barrier to many foreign
organisations entering this market as it is extremely fragmented and

complicated.

For retailers themselves, there is also a need to find new markets and
there are many ‘push’ factors for this to happen such as the saturation of

the home market, store development restrictions and shareholder
pressure to maintain and grow profit. Push factors include emerging and

growing economies, favourable operating costs and the need to take risks.
The world’s largest global grocery retailers include Wal-Mart, Carrefour,
Metro and Tesco (www.supermarketnews.com, 2006). However, Moreau

(2008) discusses new data from Euromonitor that shows that retailers from
Asia-Pacific and Latin America are now becoming the fastest growing

global players.

10.5.3 World’s top 10 fastest growing grocery retailers

New data from Euromonitor International shows that companies from Asia-

Pacific and Latin America appear prominently in the top 10 list of fastest
growing grocery retailers.