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Figure  12.1:  The  vicious  circle  of  technology  and  competitive

               advantage

                                       New                      Practical
                                       technology               applications

                                                                identified

                Competitors                                                                Firm
                follow with                                                                embraces
                ‘me too’                                                                   new
                strategies                                                                 technology

                                       Changes of               Firm
                                       industry                 develops
                                       standards or             new
                                       new                      competitive
                                       customer                 advantage
                                       expectations
                                                        (Source: Doole and Lowe, 2008, p. 420)

               This is particularly problematic for organisations, and especially the market
               leader, who has to keep investing and reinvesting in the latest technology.

               Followers and ‘me too’ strategists can copy the market leader without the
               added  investment  and  research  and  development  but  still  gain  market
               share away from the market leader. An interesting industry to consider is

               the games console industry and is highlighted in the following case on the
               Xbox launched in 2001.



               Case: Xbox

               In  May  2001  it  was  announced  that  Microsoft,  a  company  with  vast
               resources,  planned  to  enter  the  games  hardware  market  in  November
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