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CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE – Evidence of
circumstances which are strong enough to cast
suspicion upon the defendant and which are
sufficiently strong to overcome the presumption of
innocence, and to exclude every hypothesis except
that of the guilt of the defendant. It does not
directly prove the truth of the fact in issue, but may
established a strong inference as to the truth of the
fact.

CITY PRISONERS – those sentenced to suffer a term
of imprisonment from 1 day to 3 years or a fine of
not more than 1,000 pesos or both. Those
detained therein whose cases are filed with the
MTC. Those detained therein whose cases are
cognizable by the RTC and under preliminary
investigation.

CIVIL COMMITMENT – the indefinite incarceration
of the sex offender who has been deemed
untreatable

CIVIL SECURITY – it encompasses active and
passive counter intelligence measures affecting the
non-military nationals permanently or temporarily
residing in an area under military jurisdiction.

CIVILIZING PROCESS – a concept which refers to
the pacification of medieval society through the
development of self-restraint, social regulation and
increasing repugnance towards violence.

CLASS CHARACTERISTICS – the characteristics of
physical evidence that are common to a group of
objects or persons.

57 | A T O Z I N C R I M I N O L O G Y