Page 127 - Quantitative Data Analysis
P. 127
Quantitative Data Analysis
Simply Explained Using SPSS
Correlation between X and Y
∑ − ̅ − ̅
−
√ ∑ − ̅ √ ∑ − ̅
− −
√ √
√ √
Correlation vs. Causation
Please note that correlation does not equal to causation. Two
variables can have a correlation without causation, but cannot have
causation without a correlation. Correlation indicates only
association between two variables whiles causation explains the
phenomena that if one thing (variable X) happens other thing
(variable Y) will happen too.
That concludes that A causes B, three conditions must be met:
– A and B must be statistically related
– A occurs in time before B
The Theory and Applications of Statistical Inferences 111
