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          (b) Risk Handling Costs and Loss Costs - Any action
               taken to identify, evaluate and handle risks always
               incurs some costs called risk handling costs.
               Insurance premiums, charges for loss prevention
               devices, fees for consultancy services are some
               examples of readily identifiable risk handling costs.
               There are some opportunity costs too, like
               management and staff time spent on dealing with
               risks. Also, the cost of avoiding a risk may be a loss
               of revenue with due to discarded opportunity.

          Loss producing events frequently results in both direct
          and indirect costs. For e.g, the direct costs to a form of
          industrial accidents include the compensation payable
          the insured employees, any damage to machinery,
          equipment and work in progress, loss of production
          directly attributable to the accident, and accident
          investigation expenses.

          Besides such direct costs, thereby also indirect costs
          attribute table to a loss producing events. For e.g, in an
          industrial accident, if an worker is severely injured, not
          only is there likely to be some loss of production from
          the machine he was operating, but other employees might

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