Page 7 - FAO-IPCC Expert meeting on climate change

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Contents
Preface vii Acronyms ix Key messages and recommendations xi
1. Direct climate impacts on land-ecosystems and food provision 1
1.1 Projected productivity changes and extreme events 2 1.1.1 Crops 2 1.1.2 Livestock 2 1.1.3 Aquaculture 3
1.2 Climate impacts mediated through soil, water and ecosystem services 3
1.2.1 Climate and soil health 3
1.2.2 Climate, hydrological cycle and water scarcity 4
1.2.3 Climate impacts on ecosystem services: the case of pollinators 4
2. Human-directed impacts on food and land-based ecosystems and their implications for food security 7
2.1 Multiple drivers of land use change: mixed effecs on food security 8
2.2 Land degradation and desertification: between human drivers and climate change 9
2.3 Land degradation in rangelands: causes and consequences 9
2.4 Human-directed pressures on water resources 10
2.5 Forest loss and recovery and the role of agricultural intensification 10
2.6 Mangroves: A severely threatened high biodiversity biome 11
3. Greenhouse gas fluxes from agriculture and land systems: A scoping of mitigation options 13
3.1 Trends in greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land uses 14
3.2 Mitigation targets of a 1.5 oC world require negative emissions 15
3.3 Soil carbon sequestration: potential and mitigation options 15
3.4 Mitigation options in agriculture and land-based ecosystems 16
3.4.1 Rice production 16
3.4.2 Livestock and rangeland 16
4. Adaptation and resilience in food and land-based ecosystems 19
4.1 Restoring soil ecosystem systems 20
4.2 Adaptation to water scarcity and equitable access to water 21
4.3 Adaptation to pollination loss 21
4.4 Initiatives in addressing land degradation 22
4.5 Agricultural intensification, diversification and other practices 23
4.6 Adaptation and resilience options for livestock systems 24
4.7 Adaptation and coping mechanisms in aquaculture and inland fisheries 25
FAO-IPCC Expert meeting on climate change, land use and food security