Page 46 - Human anatomy COMPLETELY DONE1

occurs, thanks to which the contraction of smooth muscles increases.
In the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland, melanocytostimulating hormone
(MSH) is produced.
The epiphysis refers to the brain, regulates the biological rhythms of the body
(daily, seasonal and others), produces substances that affect the color of the skin.
At an early age, the epiphysis affects all the glands involved in the processes of
growth and development of the body.
The thymus is located behind the sternum. Its hormones affect the immune
system, regulate the function of other endocrine glands: inhibit the activity of the
thyroid gland, delay puberty of the body.
The thyroid gland is located on the front wall of the larynx, produces the hormone
thyroxine, which includes iodine. Thyroxine increases the intensity of metabolism,
stimulating cellular respiration and increasing the production of heat by the body
(thermogenesis).
The formation and secretion of thyroid hormones is influenced by the iodine
content in the blood and the pituitary hormone. With a decrease in iodine in the blood,
the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone by the pituitary gland increases, stimulating
the function of the thyroid gland.
The parathyroid glands are two pairs of small glands located on the posterior
surface of the thyroid gland. Parathyroid hormone is isolated, which regulates the level
of calcium and phosphorus in the blood, affects the excitability of the nervous and
muscular systems. This hormone is associated with the regulation of mineral
metabolism in the bones.
The formation of the parathyroid hormone depends on the presence of vitamin D
in the blood .
With an increase in the function of the parathyroid glands, calcium passes from

the bones into the blood, the bones become soft. At the same time, they deform and
bend.
With a decrease in the function of the parathyroid glands, the calcium content in
the blood decreases, which leads to an increase in the excitability of the nervous system
and muscles, muscle cramps occur.
The pancreas secretes the hormone insulin. Continuous release of insulin into the
blood is necessary so that glucose, which serves as the main source of energy, can pass
from blood plasma into tissues, and its excess is deposited in the liver in the form of
glycogen.
In a smaller amount, the pancreas secretes another hormone – glucagon. It has
the opposite effect to insulin – it increases blood sugar levels.
The adrenal glands are located at the upper poles of the kidneys and consist of
two layers: the outer cortical and the inner cerebral.
The cortical substance of the adrenal glands produces more than 40 hormones
that affect metabolism, regulate mineral and water metabolism.

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