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The Human Mind 59

Figure 3.6 Duchenne’s experiments. (Poor fellow: he only intended going out to buy some milk for
his cat. But note the striped trousers, suggesting that the patient is an English solicitor, and Duch-
enne’s knotted eyebrows, suggesting that he should not become a used car salesman.)

Eckman and Friesen (see www.2cs.cmu.edu) have proposed a Facial Action Coding Sys-
tem, based on the relationship between expression and emotion. They identified 46 different
Action Units (AU), which are mainly unconscious, and 14 miscellaneous mainly conscious
expressions. For example AU 20 is called the ‘lip stretcher’, which involves the risorius w/
platysma muscle (Figure 3.7); the ‘lip corner depressor’ involving the depressor anguli oris (or
triangularis) muscle (Figure 3.8).

Figure 3.7 Does this remind you of anyone? Her name is Doris.

Figure 3.8 Looks like Tiger Woods after missing a 40-foot ‘tap in’ putt