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approach to North Korean human rights focused on such
            issues as abductees, prisoners of war, unjustly held detainees,
            and refugee protection and rescue, along with information
            campaigns aimed at empowering North Koreans by awakening
            them to their own human rights situation, the corruption
            of their leadership, and the truth about the outside world.
            The nexus should also include humanitarian and human
            security concerns, while emphasizing the critical importance
            of transparency, access, monitoring and evaluation, and
            prioritizing the most vulnerable groups, in particular women,
            girls, children, the elderly, and people in detention.


            The final section, on deterring Pyongyang and dissuading
            Beijing, begins with a discussion by Dr. Han-Kwon Kim,
            Head of the Center for Chinese Studies at the Korea National
            Diplomatic Academy, on The Stability and Sustainability of
            Korea-U.S.-Japan Cooperation (Chapter Ten). He believes
            that a “three versus three” structure has emerged in Northeast
            Asia pitting South Korea, Japan, and the United States
            against North Korea, China, and Russia, a situation that has
            been described by Kim Jong-Un as the beginning of a new
            Cold War era. Against this backdrop, his paper examines
            the prospects for a North Korea-China-Russia partnership
            based on the outcome of the September 13, 2023 Kim-
            Putin summit and China’s response, within the context of
            U.S.-China strategic competition. He analyzes the global
            implications of recent U.S.-China re-engagement, despite
            intensifying strategic competition, further arguing (unlike
            Newsham and Michishita) that the development of the North
            Korean-China-Russia partnership has a substantive limitation
            because of Beijing’s different strategic calculation from that of



        22  Section I : North Korea-China Relations: How and Why Does Beijing Protect and Empower Pyongyang?
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