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CIRCULAR ECONOMY (CE)
Relies on an industrial system designed and purposed to be restorative and regenerative, and to ensure
either very little or no waste ends up in landfills. The CE concept differentiates between consumed prod-
ucts of biological nature and calls for a regenerative approach in dealing with products by extracting the
product’s chemical feedstock using the digestion process to extract biogas and digestants rich in nutrients
and release them back into the biosphere.
Biological materials Technical materials
Mining/Materials manufacturing
Farming/Collection
Materials/Parts manufacturer
Soil restoration
Biochemical
feedstock Product manufacturer
Retail/Service provider
Recycle
Refurbish/Remanufacture
Reuse/Redistribute
Biogas
Maintain
Consumer User
Anaerobic digestion/
Composting Collection Collection
Energy
Extraction of Recovery
biochemical feedstock
Landfill
*The Circular Economy (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2012, p.24).
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