Page 53 - FAO Aquaculture News, May 2021 - No. 63

TABLE 1 – Number of farmed aquatic species, by IUCN categories. yet been evaluated, and these include: other major carps;
IUCN category Number of species salmonids; crustaceans such as whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus
vannamei), giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) and
Critically Endangered 8 (2%)
Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis); molluscs such
Endangered 13 (3%)
as Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and Japanese carpet
Vulnerable 25 (5.5%) shells (Ruditapes philippinarum); and all the major farmed
Near Threatened 16 (3.5%) seaweeds.
Least Concern 160 (36%)
Data Deficient 17 (4%) Considering that fish and fishery products are among
Not Evaluated 202 (46%) the most globally traded food commodities, it was
Total 441 worthwhile to assess which aquaculture species, if any,
are subject to some level of regulation under the CITES
Table 1 simply shows the proportion of all farmed species, and are therefore classified under one of the three CITES
Appendices. These Appendices correspond to different
but not how important they are to aquaculture production.
Thematic Articles contribution to 2018 global aquaculture production of the classified as threatened and for which trade is allowed
Figure 1 shows, for each IUCN category, the proportional
degrees of regulation: Appendix I includes species
species allocated to these categories. The species identified
only in exceptional cases; Appendix II includes species
not necessarily threatened but for which trade is subject
as threatened represented 10 percent of production,
with the 2 percent classified as Critically Endangered,
to restrictions to avoid incompatibility with their survival;
3 percent as Endangered and 5.5 percent as Vulnerable.
and Appendix III includes species that are protected in
These “at risk” species are thus significant contributors
at least one country and for which the country has asked
to global aquaculture. It should be noted that almost half
(46 percent) of aquaculture species are classified as Not
Evaluated and 4 percent as Data Deficient. The remaining assistance from other CITES Parties in controlling trade. 5
Surprisingly, we found that only one of the analyzed
categories, Near Threatened and Least Concern, represent species, namely Isok barb (Probarbus jullieni), is included
3.5 and 36 percent, respectively. The fact that a species in Appendix I of the Convention and that 16 species are
has not yet been assessed or is classified as Data Deficient reported in Appendix II. The remainder, 96 percent of the
4
does not imply that it is not under some level of risk. species, are not listed in any of the CITES Appendices.
Among the few species covered by CITES, examples of
the main commercially important ones, on a global scale,
FIGURE 1 – Proportion of global aquaculture production
represented by the species in each IUCN risk category. are the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and several
sturgeon species.
0%
4% The fact that half of the farmed aquatic species on which
6% we depend have not been evaluated for assignment to
Critically endangered IUCN categories, or are classified as Data Deficient,
7%
Endangered reinforces that we need further efforts, at the international
Vulnerable level, to gain awareness of the possible risk of extinction of
Near threatened these species. It would also be helpful if the IUCN could
Least concern enable filtering species by food production systems and not
54 % 24 %
Data deficient only by broader use categories such as “Food – human”.
Not evaluated
Based on our analysis, it is evident that the extant status
5%
of all currently cultured species, while it is a status we
must attempt to retain, is not representative of an absolute
picture of the status of AqGR globally and does not mean
that some species are not under significant levels of threat.
Among the major species produced in global aquaculture, These lists (IUCN and CITES) are based on the status of
some are Near Threatened, such as the silver carp the wild relatives of cultured species. To aquaculturists,
(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), while others are listed it is surprising to see major aquaculture species such
in threatened categories, including the striped catfish as common carp and silver carp listed as Vulnerable or
(Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and the Japanese sea Near Threatened, respectively, highlighting that even if
cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus), both Endangered, a species is widely farmed and in massive numbers its
and the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the Chinese wild populations can still be at risk. Clearly, and as noted
softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis), both Vulnerable. in the SoW-AqGR, aquaculture can act as a vehicle for
However, many important aquaculture species have not conservation of aquatic diversity, and it is thus important

4. IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32 pp.
https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/7977
5. https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/disc/CITES-Convention-EN.pdf
6. http://www.fao.org/3/ca8302en/CA8302EN.pdf#page=40

52 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWS – Nº. 63 ■ MAY 2021