Page 16 - General Knowledge

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2019

Shelter Cave Rock Temporary hut Mud house

Important Soan Valley (Punjab) Chotta-Nagpur, J&K, Karnataka,Tamilnadu,
Sites Andhra Pradesh, Megalaya,
Bhimbetka River Krishna (South)
Bihar etc
(Near Bhopal)

Towards the end of the Neolithic age, copper and bronze began to be used as tools; this period
is called as Chalcolithic age (1800 BC- 1000 BC).

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION (2500 BC – 1750 BC)

 Indus Valley Civilization belongs to the BRONZE AGE and it forms a part of proto-
history of India.
 It was one of the most ancient urban civilizations in the world.
 This civilization developed along the banks of river Indus.
 This civilization covered the parts of Sind, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, West Punjab,
Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and
Maharashtra.
 Mohenjadaro is the largest and Allahdino is the smallest excavated site in this
civilization.
Town Planning
 Harappan towns were divided into two parts: Citadels: Fortified settlements on the
high mounds.
 Lower Town: Main residential area.
 The streets ran in straight lines crossing one another at right angles.
 Houses stood on both sides of the streets.
 Houses, drains, wells and bathing platforms were made of Kiln-burnt bricks.
 The Great Bath of Mohenjodaro was used for religious bathing.
 Mohenjodaro means ‗the mount of the dead‘.
 Lamp-posts indicate the existence of street lighting.
Agriculture
 Irrigation-based agriculture was the backbone of the civilization.
 Sickle stone blades mounted on wooden sticks were used for cultivation purposes.
 Grains were stored in granaries.
 Wheat and six-row barley; field peas, mustard, sesame seeds, etc. were grown.
 People of Indus were the first to produce cotton in the world.
Trade
 Agriculture, industry and forest produce provided the basis for internal and external trade.

 Trade was based on Barter system. Indus people had trade contacts with the Persian
Gulf and Mesopotamia.

 Transportation: Bullock carts, pack animals and boats were used.

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