Page 351 - General Knowledge

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2019

Boyle‘s Law
 These are problems where the pressure and volume of a gas is variable from one
experiment to the next, but the temperature and sample size remain unchanged.
 In the Ideal Gas equation written below,

 The next step is to rearrange the equation in order to place all parameters that vary one side
and all the parameters that remain constant on the other.
 Since everything on the right-hand side is held constant.
PV = constant

 This means that the product of P times V will be the same for both experiments.
 This means that the product of P times V will be the same.
 = constant and = constant.

 This leads directly to Boyle‘s Law.

Charles Law
 This law states that the volume of a gas varies directly with the Kelvin temperature,
assuming that the pressure is constant.
 We can use the following formulas.

Or

0
C + 273
4 ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
Arrhenius Acid Base Theory
 Svante Arrhenius proposed the first theoretical model for acids and bases.
 Prior to that time, these chemically opposite substances were described in properties such
as their taste; their effects on metals, carbonates, and dyes (called indicators); they feel to
the touch, and their ability to react with each other.
 According to the Arrhenius theory, pure water dissociates to some extent to produce
+
-
+
-
hydrogen ions, H and hydroxide ions, OH . When this occurs, equal amounts of H and OH
ions are produced.
+ -
H 2O (l)  H (aq) + OH (aq)
+
 An acid, according to Arrhenius, is any substance that liberates H ions when placed in
water.
+
-
 When the H concentration is elevated the OH concentration decreases, this solution is said
to be acidic.
-
 Similarly, a base is defined as any substance that liberates OH ions when placed in water.
-
+
 The resulting solution has a higher concentration of OH ions than H ions and is said to be
basic, or alkaline.
-
+
 Acid - HCl (aq)  H (aq) + Cl (aq)
-
+
 Base - NaOH (aq)  Na (aq) + OH (aq)
Properties of Acids

 Produce ions in water.

 Turns litmus from blue to red.
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