Page 353 - General Knowledge

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2019

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 Reactions that involve the transfer of protons (H ) are acid-base reactions.
 The Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reaction can be represented as follows:
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 HA + B ⇄ BH + A
acid 1 base 2 conjugate conjugate
acid 2 base 1
Bases
Strong bases
Hydroxides of Group IA metals (LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, and CsOH) are strong bases,
but only NaOH and KOH are commercially important and are common laboratory bases.
 These bases are soluble in water and they completely dissociate in aqueous solution,
producing a high concentration of hydroxide ions.
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 A moderately dilute solution of NaOH contains [OH ] = Initial [NaOH].
 Among the hydroxides of the alkaline earth metals, Ba(OH) 2 is a relatively strong base.
 The other hydroxides are only sparingly soluble in water.
 The hydroxides of other metals are only slightly soluble.
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 A saturated solution of these hydroxides contains a very low concentration of OH is quite
low
Weak bases
 Ammonia is the only weak base that is of commercial importance. Ammonia is very soluble
in water and ionizes as follows:
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 NH 3(aq) + H 2O ⇄ NH 4 (aq) + OH (aq)
 The base dissociation constant, K b, is given by the expression:
[NH  ][OH - ] -5
K b = 4 = 1.8 x 10
[NH 3 ]

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 The concentration of OH in a weak base such as NH 3(aq), depends on its K b value and the
initial concentration of the base.
Acid-Base Properties of Salts
 When salts (ionic compounds) dissolve in water, we assume that they completely dissociate
into separate ions.
 Some of these ions can react with water and behave as acids or bases.
 Salts are also products of acid-base reactions.
 The acidic or basic nature of a salt solution depends on whether it is a product of
 a strong acid-strong base reaction;

 a weak acid-strong base reaction;
 a strong acid-weak base reaction, or
 a weak acid-weak base reaction.
 Salts of Strong Acid-Strong Base Reactions: Such as NaCl, NaNO 3, KBr, etc.
 Salts of this type form neutral solution, because neither the cation ion nor the anion reacts
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with water and offset the equilibrium concentrations of H 3O and OH in the solution.
 Salts of Weak Acid-Strong Base Reactions: Such as NaF, NaNO 2, NaC 2H 3O 2, etc.
 Salts that are products of reactions between weak acids and strong bases form basic
solutions when dissolved in water.
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 The anions of such salts react with water that increases [OH ].
 Salts of Strong Acid-Weak Base Reactions: NH 4Cl, NH 4NO 3, (CH 3) 2NH 2Cl, C 5H 5NHCl.

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