Page 357 - General Knowledge

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2019

Metallurgy
 It is the process of extracting a metal from its ores. The following operations are carried out
for obtaining the metal in the pure form.
 Crushing the ore
 Dressing or concentration of the ore.
 Reduction of metal

 Purification or refining of the metal.
Bonding states of elements
 Organic compounds are molecular compounds that contain mainly carbon and hydrogen
atoms.
 Since inorganic chemistry deals with all compounds other than organic ones, the scope of
inorganic chemistry is vast.
 Research on higher dimensional compounds, such as multinuclear complexes, cluster
compounds, and solid-state inorganic compounds.
 Element: Elementary substances exist in various forms.

 A simple substance of a metallic element is usually called bulk metal, and the word ‗metal‘
may be used to mean a bulk metal and ―metal atom or metal ion‖.
 Molecular compounds: Inorganic compounds of nonmetallic elements, such as gaseous
carbon dioxide CO 2 liquid sulfuric acid H 2SO 4, or solid phosphorous pentoxide P 2O 5, satisfy
the valence requirements of the component atoms and form discrete molecules which are
bonded together.
 Most of the molecular compounds of transition metals are metal complexes and
organometallic compounds in which ligands are coordinated to metals.
 These molecular compounds include not only mononuclear complexes with a metal center
but also multinuclear complexes containing several metals, or cluster complexes having
metal-metal bonds.
 Solid-state compounds: Although solid-state inorganic compounds are huge molecules, it
is preferable to define them as being composed of an infinite sequence of 1-dimensional
(chain), 2-dimensional (layer), or 3-dimensional arrays of elements and as having no definite
molecular weight.
 The component elements of an inorganic solid bond together by means of ionic, covalent, or
metallic bonds to form a solid structure.
 An ionic bond is one between electronically positive and negative elements, and a covalent
bond forms between elements with close electronegative.

7. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Organic chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure,
properties and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various
forms that contain carbon atoms.
General Properties of Organic Molecules:
 Flammable
 High Vapor Pressure

 Odorous
 Covalently Bonded

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