Page 360 - General Knowledge

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2019

Cyclic Alkanes

 Alkanes can form compounds with themselves. By this I mean they commonly form rings.
 Shown below is cyclohexane.
 It is a hexane molecule that has come around back onto itself.

 The below you will find the chemical formula, structural formula and the line diagram.
C 6H 12

H H
H C H
H C C H
H C C H
H C H
H H
8. ENVIRONMENT AND ITS POLLUTION IN CHEMISTRY

 Developmental activities such as construction, transportation and manufacturing not only
deplete the natural resources but also produce large amounts of wastes that leads to
pollution of air, water, soil, and oceans; global warming and acid rains.
 Untreated or improperly treated waste is a major cause of pollution of rivers and
environmental degradation causing ill health and loss of crop productivity.
 In this lesson you will study about the Environmental pollution is ―the contamination of the
physical and biological components of the earth/atmosphere system to such an extent that
normal environmental processes are adversely affected.‖

 ―Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the environment that cause harm or
discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or that damage the environment‖ which can
come ―in the form of chemical substances, or energy such as noise, heat or light‖.
 Pollutants can be naturally occurring substances or energies, but are considered
contaminants when in excess of natural levels.

 Pollution is ―the addition of any substance or form of energy to the environment at a rate
faster than the environment can accommodate it by dispersion, breakdown, recycling, or
storage in any harmless form.‖
 The industrial revolution brought with it technological progress such as discovery of oil and
its virtually universal use throughout different industries.
Types of Pollution

Air Pollution
 Air pollution may be defined as the presence of any solid, liquid or gaseous substance
including noise and radioactive radiation in the atmosphere.

 In such concentration that may be directly and indirectly injurious to humans or other living
organisms, plants, property or interferes with the normal environmental processes.
Noise Pollution

 Noise is one of the most pervasive pollutant. Noise by definition is ―sound without value‖ or
―any noise that is unwanted by the recipient‖.

 Noise in industries such as stone cutting and crushing, steel forgings , loudspeakers,
shouting by hawkers selling their wares, movement of heavy transport vehicles, railways and

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