Page 359 - General Knowledge

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2019

 Another is the condensed structural formula, this shows the connections in a around about
manner.
 Lastly, a lazier form is the line structure.
 This simplified drawing assumes you know that carbon atoms make 4 bonds and that if you
do not see a bond drawn assume a hydrogen is occupying the undesignated bond.
 Also, all ends and turns in the line signify carbon atoms.

Examples
Chemical Formula: C 4H 10
Structural Formula

Isomers
Isomerization – same molecular formula, but different structure. Also creates different properties
of the molecule. The number of possible isomers increases rapidly as the length of the chain
increases. These molecules are isomers of the same chemical formula.

Examples
Each of the following molecules has a chemical formula of C 4H 10 but they are different
molecules having different properties.
Butane 2-methyl propane

Chemical Equivalence – non –isomers
 When one first begins learning how to name organic compounds they typically have a
difficult time recognizing when two molecules are actually the same molecule.
 Depending on how the structural formula is drawn, the same molecule may look different to
the novice.
 Let‘s look at the following two structural formulas

H H F H
F C C H H C C H

H H H H
 These two molecules look different but they are actually the same.

 Single bonds are unique in that the atoms on each side of the bond can rotate or spin around
the bond.
 So, the difference between the two above molecules is simply that the carbon-carbon bond
is rotated to a different position.
 At all times the fluorine and two hydrogens will be spinning about the carbon.

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