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shingles, ​causing a chain reaction​. Roofs are commonly damaged by falling
objects and debris as well. Eventually, after prolonged wind damage, your
roof can start to leak or rot due to water exposure.
Identifying Wind Damage to Your Roof
If you’ve recently experienced winds of 45 mph or higher, you need
someone to take a look at your roof for some of the common signs of roof
damage. Signs of wind damage on a roof include loose or missing shingles,
chimney issues, curling or peeling shingles, granule loss, damaged soffit or
fascia and indoor leaks. High winds can also cause tree branches to fall and
damage a roof. Most roof damage cannot be seen from the ground so it is
advisable to have someone who is an expert is determining the damage on
your roof.
Effects on Shingles
Wind interacting with a roof is deflected over and around it. As a result,
uplift pressures develop on the roof. However, uplift pressures are not uniform
and are highest along the windward corners, rakes, eaves, and ridges. It is at
these locations that wind uplift damage initiates especially with asphalt
shingles that are not well bonded. Wind flow in these areas is quite turbulent.
Thus, it is important that the roof covering receive additional anchorage in
these high wind uplift regions. Due to small dimensions of the shingles and
their previous design, pressure variations across the shingle surfaces can be
relatively small. Thus, it is the profile of the shingle that determines the extent
of wind uplift. A critical part of the shingle is that region cantilevered
downslope from the sealant strip. Wind stagnates at the base of the shingle
while aerodynamic uplift occurs on top of the shingle, a situation similar to
what occurs on an aircraft wing. The resulting lift can deform the shingle,
producing greater projected area and therefore, more lift. Many authors have
identified several factors that can lead to asphalt shingle failure during
windstorms: 1) degree of weathering, 2) design, 3) quality of manufacture,
and 4) quality of installation.
Effects on Tiles Roof
Roofing tiles are made from clay or concrete and come in various
profiles, most commonly: flat, S-shaped, or barrel shaped. Tiles usually are
anchored to the roof by fasteners or adhesive. However, in some areas of the
country the tiles are attached with mortar patties. Mortar attachment method is
inadequate to resist the strong uplift winds during hurricanes. Tiles have had
an insufficient amount of mortar to secure them to the roof. Also, mortar
generally does not bond well to the tiles unless the tiles are initially wetted. As
a result, the roof tiles either separate from the mortar or tear the underlayment
when displaced by the wind. Some tile roofs are simply too brittle to walk on
without the use of a "chicken" ladder. Proper installation of the tile is crucial to
reduce corner cracking. Tiles should be installed with maximum clearance
and with straight joints to avoid uneven bearing against the adjacent tiles.
Clay tiles are prone to pitting and spalling due to freeze-thaw effects
especially if they are soft and deteriorated. Wind damage to a tile roof typically
begins with the removal of ridge and rake tiles especially where they are not
well anchored. Field tiles are susceptible to being displaced along windward
eaves, rakes, and corners. Refer to Figure 9. Tiles that are not fastened or

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