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bonded to the roof are most prone to being uplifted by wind. Wind does not
just unbond the tiles and leave them in place, as loose tiles would become
displaced.

Effects on Metal Roof

Typically, metal roofs are made from continuous sheets of metal that
run the entire span of a roof, from the eave to the ridgeline. Unlike more
traditional shingle or tile roofs, which consist of a plethora of seams where
wind can penetrate the roofing material causing damage, metal roofs have
fewer exposed edges. We should note that metal roof systems could also be
designed to mimic stone or shingle products. However, in areas where
tornado and hurricane-force winds are a possibility, it's better to use a metal
panel system.In wind uplift tests, metal roofs earn a 140-mph wind rating,
according to the Metal Roofing Alliance, and some can withstand gusts up to
180 mph. Hurricane Michael’s strongest winds were 155 mph, though as the
storm came ashore, gusts were in the 104 and 129 range.
Effects on Slate
Slate tiles may be punctured, cracked or broken by hail. Any of these
conditions could be deemed functional damage if the damage is serious
enough. Because slate is a sedimentary stone composed of layers, hail
damage may appear as a slate with a portion of layers missing. This condition
would be considered functional damage only if it were severe. Slate becomes
soft and brittle as it ages, and old slate is more likely to suffer damage than
newer slate. As slate ages and deteriorates, less impact energy is required for
hail to damage it. ​When nail holes are punched in slates, they’re punched
from the backside. As the punch penetrates the slate, it creates a clean entry
hole, but as it emerges from the other side, it breaks out some of the outer
layers, creating a crater that forms a countersink hole for the nail heads.
Impact damage looks similar. The object striking the slate, such as a
hailstone, typically leaves a clean entry hole, and a larger, ragged exit hole.
But if you see a slate with a ragged hole on the upper surface, it may have
been caused by a nail left protruding at the time of installation. External
impacts are not limited to hail, but may be from windborne or thrown rocks,
golf balls, or even bullets. In deciding whether damage is from hail, it’s
important to look at the overall pattern of damage across the roof.
Effects on Wood Shake
In general, wood roofing is very fragile as it ages due to normal
seasonal weather and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Some types of
wood roofing materials are more fragile than others. Longevity and physical
properties of wood roofs vary between species of wood and even within a
species depending on the age of the lumber when it was harvested. Foot fall
splits and broken ridge shingles are very common deficiencies found on wood
roofing. It can be very difficult to differentiate between hail impact damage and
foot fall splits.

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