Page 374 - Grammar Explorer 2 - demo

13.2 Prohibition (Must Not, May Not, Can’t, Couldn’t) and
Lack of Necessity (Not Have To)

Prohibition Lack of Necessity
You must not do that. It’s not allowed. I don’t have to take the test. It’s not necessary.
They must not leave work before 5 p.m. He doesn’t have to go, but he can if he wants to.

1. To express that an action is prohibited, use Players must not speak during the match.
must not.
2. May not and can’t are also used to express Players may not start until they hear the bell.
prohibition. Can’t is more informal. Use You can’t drive without a license.
couldn’t to express past prohibition. I couldn’t drive before I was 16.

3. To express that an action is not necessary, use He doesn’t have to go to class. It’s a holiday.
don’t have to.
4. To say that something was not necessary in They didn’t have to take tennis lessons
the past, use didn’t have to. because they already knew how to play.
5. Be careful: There is no negative or past form ✗ I have not got to go.
of have got to, so the expression is not used for ✗ I had got to go yesterday.
prohibition or lack of necessity.

6 Circle the correct answer to complete each sentence.

1. In some sports, players must not / do not have to talk during play. Silence is required.

2. Players must not / don’t have to ignore the rules. It’s important to play fairly.

3. Monica must not / doesn’t have to go to practice this evening. It’s her night off.

4. You can’t / don’t have to be late, or you’ll be in trouble.

5. Jim must not / didn’t have to play his best to beat me. I played terribly!
6. You must not / don’t have to cheat! No one will want to play with you if you do.

7. In many sports, players may not / don’t have to play the whole game, but often they do.

8. In the past, girls couldn’t / didn’t have to compete in many sports.

9. We didn’t have to / have got to be at school until 8:00 yesterday morning.

10. In soccer, you may not / don’t have to use your hand to score a goal. It’s against the rules.

7 WRITE & SPEAK. Work with a partner. Write one thing that is prohibited and one thing that is
not necessary in your class or school. Then share your answers with your class.
Prohibited: We must not speak while someone else is speaking.

Not Necessary: We don’t have to write essays in class.

354 ModalS: Part 2
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