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3- Soft Callus Formation

• Within days of the fracture, the blood clot is
replaced by a soft callus that provides a new
framework for bone growth.

• The callus is made of newly formed osteoblasts and osteoclasts, the
two types of cells needed for the natural bone remodeling process.

• The fracture site is weak, so the broken bone is normally kept in
place with a splint or cast
• . اراطإ رفوي يذلا م عانلا سلكلاب ةيومدلا ةطلجلا لادبتسا متي ، رسكلا نم مايأ نوضغ يف معانلا سلكلا ليكشت 3 -
ايلاخلا نم ناعون امهو، اثيدح اهليكشت مت يتلا ماظ علاو ةيمظعلا ايلاخلا نم جيسنلا نوكتي . ماظعلا ومنل اديدج
يف ةداع ةروسكملا ماظعلاب ظافتحلاا متي كلذل ، فيعض رسكلا عقوم . ةيعيبطلا ماظعلا ضرع ةداعإ ةيلمعل ةمزلالا
. ةريبج وأ ةريبج عم اهناكم

4- Bony Callus Formation Within three weeks, osteoblasts start to replace the soft
callus with a hard, bony callus. The bony callus is made of spongy bone.

• 5-Bone Remodeling The last stage of bone repair involves osteoblast remodeling the
spongy bone into compact bone. Over several weeks or months, compact bone
replaces spongy bone, and the bone is remodeled.

The Skeletal System: Joints

What are joints? Joints are where two or more bones meet. Most
joints are responsible for movement.

مظعم .رثكأ وأ ناتمظع هيف يقتلي يذلا ناكملا يه لصافملا ؟لصافملا يه ام بلاط يبا نب يلع ةسردم Biolog022 T2 Mr Gamal kasem
نكمي ؟لصافملا عاونأ يه ام .ةكرحلا نع ةلوؤسملا يه لصافملا
: ةكرحت ملا ريغ لصافملا . :اهب حمست يتلا ةكرحلا ىدمل اقفو لصافملا فينصت
. ةدودحملا ةكرحلاب حمست : ةكرحلا ةيلق لصافملا . ةكرح يأب حمست لا
ةكرحلا ةعساو لصافملا

Bones :- The knee joint is composed of three bones; the femur, tibia,
and patella.
Cartilage: is a type of connective tissue
covers the ends of the bones at the joint
enables bones to move without rubbing against each other
Ligaments: - are bands of strong connective tissue - hold bones together
- support and limit the joint’s movement
Tendons: . are a type of tough connective tissue . connect
muscles to bones and help control the movement of the joint
Bursae (singular bursa): are fluid-filled sacs - act as cushions
between muscles, ligaments, and bones to reduce friction Types of
Joints Joints can be
classified into different categories based on their shape. The shape of

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