Page 141 - Physiology and Pathophysiology MNU 2024-2025 نظرى

Clinical pharmacy 2024/2025 Level 2 Pharm D Physiology and Pathophysiology (MD303)
1. The Ventricles relax  ventricular pressure < aortic pressure, pulmonary
ا
5) Isovolumetric  SL valves are closed ➔ produce the 2nd heart sound. نه يناثلا توصلا
Ventricular  AV valves are still closed.
Relaxation 2. Ventricular volume remains constant since all valves are closed.

3. Volume of blood in the ventricle = ESV.

Heart Sounds (Hss)

1st heart sound = Lub لولأا توصلا 2nd heart sound = Dub ناثلا توصلا
1. Normal HSs
Closure of the AV. Values during Isovolumetric contraction Closure of the Semilunar Values during Isovolumetric relaxation

Abnormality Definition & Causes Example

1. Congenital defect. Mitral stenosis ىلارتملا نايرشلا ىف قيض
1) Defective Heart 2. Infection  Mitral valve becomes thickened  Impairs blood flow from left atrium
Values to left ventricle.
 Blood fill left atrium ➔ cause pulmonary hypertension & emphysema.
Values do not close Aortic regurgitation عاجترا
2. Abnormal HSs
properly, and blood  Aortic value incompetent ➔ due to congenital abnormality.
=
2) Incompetent Valves regurgitates through value  The normal one-way flow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta
Heart Murmurs
سيوك شلفقيبم flaps. is disrupted.
 Blood that was ejected into the aorta flows backward into the ventricle.
(↓ S.V ➔ ↓ COP ➔↓ O2 to tissue)
Congenital in barrier  Holes in septum between left & right sides of the heart.

3) Septal Defects between 2 parts of heart  Blood flows from the left side to the right side. ➔ due to pressure
➔ need surgery difference [left>right]

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