Page 103 - Pharmd general phytochemistry I-Final2024_LEUCTERS

3. Mucopolysaccharides:

1) Natural mucopolysaccharides e.g chitin.
2) Simple acid mucopolysaccharides e.g. hyaluronic acid.
3) Sulfomucopolysaccharides: e.g. heparin, chondroitin sulfate and Agar.

4. Complex Carbohydrates:

1) Glycosides.
2) Glycoproteins.
3) Glycolipids.
4) Nucleotides, Nucleic acid … etc.

B) According to the source from which the sugar is derived: e.g
- grape sugar (glucose)
- milk sugar (lactose)
- malt sugar (maltose)
- fruit sugar (fructose)
- cane sugar, beet sugar (sucrose)

Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates

Production of monosaccharides

Photosynthesis:
 Photosynthesis is defined as the process of absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2)

and formation of carbohydrates by plants.
 It is the indirect source of all organic matters on the face of earth. Also, it is the

source of oxygen which allow respiration. The biological world runs at the
expense of energy and materials accumulated by photosynthesis. Photo-
synthesis in the green plants consists of two classes of reactions.
- One class consists of the so-called light reactions that usually convert

electromagnetic energy into chemical potential.
- Other class consists of the enzymatic reactions that utilize the energy from the

light reaction to fix carbon dioxide into sugar.

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